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INTRODUCTION
For many Christians “Christian art” is superfluous, if not downright distracting or even idolatrous. For many artists “Christian art” is clichéd, simplistic or endlessly redundant, often lacking the personal imprint of known historical artists and certainly out of the current cultural mainstream. To the attuned student of both religion and the arts, however, the interrelationship of Christianity and the visual arts is utterly compelling. Like the double-helix structure of DNA, the arts have historically intertwined with Christian theology, ecclesiology, liturgy, and missiology. During the Church’s first millennium developments in the arts paralleled and facilitated Christianity’s thrusts into Jewish, Greco-Roman, African, Celtic, Slavic and Germanic cultures. Across many of today’s manifold Christian denominations ancient symbols and art forms retain their currency: the fish, cross, Chi-Rho, halo and mandorla; the basilica, stained glass, clerical vestments and decorated Bibles. Much that was ancient is new again as Christian denominations and congregations search for religious roots and authenticity and variety of expression. This course in art history is designed to provide the students of both art and religion a solid background in the integrated relationships of art and Christianity from the catacombs to the Romanesque revival around AD 1000. It assumes a basic knowledge and appreciation of Western history and religious culture from around 300 to 1000, such as might be gained from a European, World or Church history course, and/or an Art History I course. Its first half follows the development of Christian artistic expression in the visual arts and architecture from their beginning to the end of the imperial hegemony in the west (c. 470) and the full expression of eastern, or Byzantine, Christianity in the sixth century. The second half of the course examines the absorption and adaptation of the classical arts by several medieval cultures, from the Celtic Irish to the Rus of Central Asia and the Copts and Ethiopians of Africa. We will concentrate on major monuments in the visual arts and architecture, since the two are often interrelated, and place these in the contexts of broader themes in religious and cultural history. The student should come away from this course able not only to recognize specific works and types, but to understand and explain their relationships to the Christian cultures that produced them.Success in the course will result from keeping current with the reading assignments, participating actively and informatively in the classroom, and preparing well for the examinations. This is an upper-division seminar and not a basic survey; failure to keep up with the assignments and passivity in the classroom will not serve you well. |
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EARLY CHRISTIAN AND EARLY BYZANTINE ART AND ARCHITECTURE 1/15 Introductions and Orientation: Course requirements; what is “Christian Art?” 1/20 Death and Resurrection: The Messages of Early Christian Sarcophagi and Catacomb Art [Lowden, pp. 4-50]1/22 From Clay Lamps to Golden Crowns: “Art” of the Everyday and Constantine’s Religious Revolution [Nees, pp. 17-60] 1/27 Christian Sacred Space before and after Constantine, I: Liturgical Development and Building Types – Dura Europos and Rome 1/29 Christian Sacred Space before and after Constantine, II: Proclaiming the Christian Message in Image and Word [Lowden, pp. 52-60] 2/3 The Bible in Art: Christian Narrative on Page and Wall [Nees, Chapter 5] 2/5 The Intimate Arts: Early Christian Liturgical Plate and Ivories [Nees, Chapter 4] 2/10 Rome: The Western Christian Capital 2/12 Constantinople: The Eastern Christian Capital [Lowden, Chapter 2] 2/17 Ravenna: Byzantine Style in a Barbarian Land [Lowden, Chapter 3; Nees, Chapter 6] 2/19 Elements of (Byzantine) Style 2/24 The Icon: A Vision of Theos and a Theology of Vision [Nees, Chapter 8 2/26 Crisis of Faith: Iconoclasm and Byzantine Society [Lowden, Chapter 4] 3/3 Midterm Exam THE EARLY
MIDDLE AGES EAST AND WEST
3/5
Saints,
Shrines, and Pilgrims East and West
[Nees, Chapter 7] 3/17 Irish Monasticism and the Christian Celtic Arts 3/19 The Insular Manuscript Tradition [Nees, Chapter 9] 3/24 Art and Worship among the Christian Anglo-Saxons 3/26 Germanic Church Art and Architecture on the Continent before Charlemagne (769) 3/31 Revival: Carolingian Churches and Monasteries 4/2 Renaissance: Carolingian Painting and Manuscript Illumination [Nees, Chapters 10, 11] 4/7 The Early Medieval Christian Arts of the Copts and Ethiopians 4/14 A Grand Style for the New Millennium: Romanesque Churches and Sculpture [Nees, Chapter 12] 4/16 Madness and Discipline: Romanesque-era Painting and Manuscript Illumination 4/21 The Macedonian Renaissance and Middle Byzantine Style [Lowden, Chs 5-7] 4/23 Greek and Slavic Christian Art and Architecture: From Cyprus to the Carpathians 4/28 Russian Orthodoxy and Byzantine Style 4/30 Venice: Catholic Outpost of Byzantine Style [Lowden, Chapter 8; 371-386] 5/5 Wannabes: Early and Medieval Christian Styles in the Modern World |
REQUIRED BOOKS: John Lowden, Early Christian and Byzantine Art (Phaidon, 1997) Lawrence Nees, Early Medieval Art (Oxford, 2002) Additional readings will be provided throughout the course. |
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Classroom
Performance: The course exams will take place as scheduled and any make-ups must be arranged in advance. Each will consist of a number of types of questions, including slide identification/discussion, short essay and objective elements (term ID, multiple choice, fill-in blanks). These will cover material from the readings as well as from that presented and discussed in class. In-class visual materials will be posted on Blackboard or online for review. The final will primarily cover the second half of the course but will also have a comprehensive component based on take-home questions. The best way to prepare for an exam is to begin on day one and keep up throughout the term. Your project should reflect concentrated thought and upper-division-level research on a topic of your choice. Topics may be drawn from any aspect of the course coverage, including individual monuments, type, medium, iconography, theme, style, context/function, etc. Approaches may be descriptive/analytic, interpretive, comparative, or multidisciplinary. Your choices of medium for presentation include traditional paper, website, and poster display. You will discuss your ideas with me as they develop, and you will provide me with a one-page proposal for your project by February 3. This will include a paragraph on the topic; a short description of your approach; brief description of your medium; and a ten-item preliminary bibliography, including no more than 3 websites and not including our textbooks. I will return these to you on the fifth with suggestions and appropriate parameters (number of pages (generally 12-15); word counts for websites and posters, numbers of pictures, suggestions for maps, charts, etc.). Projects will be graded on: compliance with proposal; quality of design and production; clarity of presentation; writing quality; level and use of research. Course Requirements: Performance in Classroom Discussion 20% Midterm Exam 20% Final Exam 30% Course Project 30% 100% Grading: A = 92-100; A- = 89-91; B+ = 86-87; B = 83-85; B- = 80-82; C+ = 77-79; C = 73-76; C- = 70-72; D+ = 67-69; D = 63-66; D- = 60-62; F = 59 or below. |
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