THE CERATOPOGONIDAE INFORMATION EXCHANGE

 

The CIE, issued twice a year (no subscription costs but donations to help with photocopying/mailing costs are welcomed), was
begun in 1968 as a newsletter to facilitate communication between workers interested in Ceratopogonidae.  The format is extremely flexible. 
Contributions may be of any length and deal with any subject having some bearing on the study of ceratopogonids.  For example, contributors
may report their current interests or plans, observations or techniques of probable value to the readership, requests for addresses, study material
or reprints, or any other matter of concern.  The newsletter serves also as a bulletin for planning and communicating information on meetings,
symposia, workshops and so forth.  Finally, there is in every issue a compilation of recent literature in the field.

Any person(s) wishing to contribute to the newsletter or to receive future issues via e-mail should contact :                 

Dr. C. Steven Murphree                     e-mail: murphrees@mail.belmont.edu

Department of Biology                                        Phone: 615-460-6221

Belmont University                                              Fax: 615-460-5458

1900 Belmont Boulevard

Nashville, TN  37212-3757

U.S.A.

 

 

CIE Vol. 70 ‑ November 2002                                                                                                                           November  2002

Ceratopogonidae Information Exchange                                                                                                                          No. 70

           

 

Dear Ceratopogonid Colleagues,

 

Many thanks to still more subscribers who indicated that they were willing to receive future CIE issues as e-mail attachments or as links
to issues that I have just uploaded to the CIE webpage.  If other subscribers are willing to join this group please let me know as this is a way
of reducing the costs of photocopying and mailing CIE issues, costs that continue to be a personal expense for me
.  At present, and before this
issue has been paid for, my out-of-pocket expenses (minus one contribution since the May issue) have totaled $815.64.  I need to continue to
receive donations of any amount in order to successfully maintain CIE
.

 

Please continue to send your suggestions for how we can improve our website (thanks to those who have sent updates (e.g., Yehuda
Braverman’s
website link) for the online directory).  Thanks also to subscribers who sent digital images of ceratopogonids.  These images can
be viewed on the CIE website at: http://campus.belmont.edu/cienews/imagesofceratopogonidae.html 

Lastly, I have added a few images of ceratopogonid workers to the Gallery link on the website at:

http://campus.belmont.edu/cienews/gallery.html

 

With best wishes to each of you for the Christmas holidays!

 

Steve Murphree, Nashville, U.S.A.

 

 

Summary of CIE Contents:

 

 

Announcements.……........................…………....……1

 

 

New CIE Members/Address Changes......…...…..….2

 

 

Contributions from Ceratopogonid Scientists..….......3

 

 

Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae........…….….6

 

 

 

 

Announcements

 

Information Regarding the Biting Fly Workshop

 

The location and dates of the 2003 Biting Fly Workshop have not yet been determined.  Two sites area being considered:
Cincinnati
, Ohio
and a site north of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  Please contact Steve Murphree (murphrees@mail.belmont.edu)
or check the CIE website for the location and dates.

 

__________________________________________________________



Publication of new

Medical-Veterinary Entomology

Gary R. Mullen and

Lance C. Durden, Editors

 

 

A new Medical and Veterinary Entomology text edited by Gary Mullen, Auburn University, Alabama, U.S.A. and Lance Durden Georgia Southern
University,
Statesboro, Georgia, U.S.A. has recently been published by Academic Press (now Elsevier Science).  The   ISBN is: 0-12-510451-0 and
the price is $99.95 U.S.D.  In the
USA and Canada call Elsevier Science Customer Service, St. Louis, Missouri, USA at 1-800-545-2522 (toll free) or
1-314-453-7010.  Elsevier Science accepts Discover, Visa, MasterCard and American Express credit cards.  The book may also be purchased online
at the following link:

 

http://www.apcatalog.com/cgi-bin/AP?ISBN=0125104510&LOCATION=US&FORM=FORM2

__________________________________________________________

 

 

December 31 Deadline for Matching Gift to Honor Sturgis McKeever

 

This fall I received a letter from Dr. Stephen Vives, Chair of the Department of Biology at Georgia Southern University. Dr. Vives indicated that an anonymous
donor had offered $10,000 USD in matching funds for any contributions to honor Dr. Sturgis McKeever that are received prior to
December 31, 2002.  The funds
will support the activities of the GSU Biology Department.  Subscribers will recall reading Dr. McKeever’s obituary in the May, 2002 CIE issue and that Dr.
McKeever
was a regular participant at the annual Biting Fly Workshop.  Those who wish to make contributions should make checks payable to the Georgia
Southern University Foundation and indicate the Biology Department Fund in your letter to:
P.O. Box 8053, Statesboro, Georgia 30460 U.S.A.

 

 

CIE Member Address Changes/New Subscribers


 

Ms. Sacha Reece (new subscriber)  e-mail:Sacha@moon.ovi.ac.za
Entomology Division 
ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute 
Private Bag X05 
Onderstepoort0110 
South Africa
Tel: +27 12 5299177 
Fax: +27 12 5299180

 
Sven Zörner  e-mail: s.a.z.@gmx.de
c.o. Institute of Zoology, Dep.1 
AG Prof.Dr. Fischer 
Johannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainz

D-55099 Mainz

Germany


 
Daniel Dobbert  e-mail: ddobbert@tekhelp.f9.co.uk
Biota Environmental Services International, Inc. 
4010 East 52 Street #203 
MinneapolisMN55417-1678
 
Ian Fanning  e-mail: IanF@herveybay.qld.gov.au
Vector and Weed ControlPhone 0061 07 4197 4474 
Environment & Health ServicesFax 0061 07 4197 4473 
HerveyBay City CouncilMobile 0061 0419897 588 

P.O. Box 5045

HerveyBay QLD4655Australia


 
Dr. Patrick Ashe  e-mail: pjashe@esatclear.ie
32 Shelton Drive
TerrenureDublin 12, Ireland

 
Dr. YehudaBraverman  e-mail: yehudab@moag.gov.il
Senior Researcher, Kimron Veterinary Institutee-mail: yehu_brav@hotmail.com
Head of Vector Biology Unit, P.O. Box 12,
Bet Dagan50250Israel

Ph. +972-3-9681-634, Fax: +972-3-9681-753

 
Dr. William L. Grogan  e-mail: wlgrogan@salisbury.edu
 
 
Dr. Wayne L. Kramer  e-mail: wayne.kramer@hhs.state.ne.us
 
Dr. B. Overgaard Nielsen  e-mail: boy.overgaard.nielsen@biology.au.dk

<>

 

 

Contributions from Ceratopogonid Scientists

 

 

____________________________________________________________________

Contribution from Art Borkent         aborkent@jetstream.net

Salmon Arm, British Columbia, Canada

 

The Genus Austroconops - Immatures and the Discovery of a Second Species

 

In a previous CIE (Vol. 68: Nov. 2001) I described an expedition to Western Australia to study the ancient genus Austroconops and, in particular, to seek the
 previously unknown immatures.  Since that report there have been some exciting developments.  Firstly, I have recognized a second undescribed species, which
is quite similar to A. mcmillani but with a few distinct features.  While in
Australia, I obtain eggs from a female of the new species and live females of A. mcmillani
carried back to
Canada laid eggs in the lab.  Since then, I have been able to rear both species through to fourth instar and have preserved representatives of all
instars.  The fourth instars of the unnamed species failed to thrive and slowly but surely died off.  Those of A. mcmillani also petered out but when only two
last larvae were left alive in a petri dish, one of these developed a swollen thorax and 2 days later successfully pupated and made it through to the male adult. 
I therefore have a beautiful pupal exuvia of A. mcmillani in the bag (OK, in the vial)!

During the first week of September, I travelled to Edmonton to complete an SEM study of the Austroconops larvae with Doug Craig (a professor at the U.
of
Alberta
and an expert on Simuliidae and several other nematoceran families).  We now have a large series of SEM photomicrographs of the larvae of both
species.  The eggs appeared to be covered with a thin layer of “goop” which meant that the SEM shots of those were poor.

 

I plan to complete my study of the genus this winter and hopefully ceratopogonid workers will see the results sometime in 2003!

 

5th International Congress of Dipterology

 

This Congress, held every four years, took place in Brisbane, Australia from Sept. 29- Oct. 4.  There was a large group of Dipterists present and a wide
variety of talks were given.  Anyone who wants to survey the titles can see these, as well as other information, at the Congress website: http://www.uq.edu.au/entomology/dipterol/diptconf.html

There were a few ceratopogonid workers who attended and, allthough there was no formal workshop, there were a number of huddles to discuss
some of our work.  To my knowledge the following were present: Doug Kettle, Alan Dyce, Dan Hagan, Daniel Kline, Marlene Elson-Harris, Art Borkent.

 

Catalog of the Nearctic Ceratopogonidae in Press  - by Art Borkent and William L. Grogan

 

Some of you may be pleased to learn that next year a new Nearctic Ceratopogonidae will be published as part of a Myia volume.  The catalog is similar
in format and content to that of Wirth (1965) and therefore includes distributions and a reference to the latest taxonomic information for each group.  There
are currently exactly 600 species recognized from
Canada and the USA.

 

Fauna Europaea - by Art Borkent and Ryszard Szadziewski

 

The Europeans have organized an inventory of the species living in their area and are constructing a database indicating the distribution of each species. 
Details may be seen at the following website: http://www.faunaeur.org .  An inhouse list of species of Ceratopogonidae has been completed and we are
currently working on finishing the distributional data (country by country, with some being further divided).  The project is slated to be completed by

March 1, 2003
and will, of course, have online access.

 

____________________________________________________________________________

Contribution from Professor Doug S. Kettle            dkettle@acenet.net.au

Mt. Ommaney, Queensland, Australia

 

In October, Doug Kettle informed me that he intends to dispose of the remaining reprints that he has of my own publications (these are in addition to
those he gave to the University of Queensland Entomology Department some years ago). With this notice of availability and the list below, the “clock
begins ticking” as it were.  Doug intends to give CIE subscribers time to respond then recycle those remaining.

 

Doug also contributes the following concerning the 5th International Congress of Dipterology held Sept. 29- Oct. 4:

 

The Dipterology Congress was most enjoyable and well attended with around 250 participants and it was a pleasure to catch up with old friends some
of whom I not met for a long time. The organisers can justifiably feel proud of their achievement. It bodes well for the International Congress of
Entomology due to be held in
Brisbane in August 2004.

LIST OF AVAILABLE REPRINTS BY D.S. KETTLE

In multi-author papers the first author is denoted by an asterisk (*) when that is not DSK.

 

(1969)     The biting habits of some Jamaican Culicoides I. C. barbosai Wirth and Blanton.

                Bulletin of Entomological Research 58: 729-753. With J.R. Linley.

(1975)     The immature stages of Paradasyhelea minuta  Wirth and Lee with a note on adult antennal sensilla and a discussion on the relationships
of the genus Paradasyhelea Macfie. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 255-261. With M.M. Elson.

(1976)     Marking of adult Culicoides brevitarsis  Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 383-386.
With M.M. Campbell*.

(1976)     Sugar feeding and longevity in Culicoides brevitarsis  Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the laboratory. Journal of the Australian
Entomological Society
14: 333-337. With M.M. Campbell*.

(1979)     Distribution of Culicoides molestus  (Skuse) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in man-made canals in south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal
of Marine and Freshwater Research
30: 653-660. With E.J. Reye and P.B. Edwards*.

(1980)     Descriptions of four pupae of Australian Culicoides  Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society
19:
11-18. With M.M. Elson.

(1983)     The bionomics of Culicoides brevitarsis. Queensland Naturalist 24: 33-39. With M.M. Campbell.

(1990)     March flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) at Clairview, Central Queensland, November 1985. Australian Entomological Magazine 17: 37-40.

 (1991)    The effect of environmental factors on the distribution of immature Culex annulirostris  Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Australian Entomological
Magazine
18: 65-69. With P. Mottram and B.H. Kay.       

(1996)     The Scottish midge, Culicoides impunctatus  Goetghebuer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). An early attempt (1945-1958) to control this intractable
pest.
Memoirs of the Entomological Society of
Washington 18: 134-139.

(1998)     Factors affecting numbers of Culicoides in truck traps in coastal Queensland. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 12: 367-377. With P.B.
Edwards and A. Barnes.

 

_____________________________________________________

Contribution from Jean-Claude Delecolle   jean-claude.delecolle@zool-ulp.u-strasbg.fr

Strasbourg, France

 

Dear Colleagues,

 

Just a short message to give you the location of a website(http://blue-tongue.cirad.fr/Index.html) devoted to bluetongue disease in Corsica and
Southern France
.

 

Best regards,

 

Jean-Claude Delecolle, jean-claude.delecolle@zool-ulp.u-strasbg.fr  

Stephane de La Rocque, stephane.delarocque@cirad.fr 

Bruno Mathieu, bmathieu@eid-med.org

 

_____________________________________________________

Contribution from Bill Grogan          wlgrogan@salisbury.edu

Salisbury, Maryland, U.S.A.

Colleagues,

 

Below is a list of Ceratopogonidae collected by sweeping vegetation during the Biting Fly Workshop held in Henderson, Tennessee (southwestern
Tennessee
).  The collectors were myself, Dan Hagan and Lisa Westberry.  These specimens were collected at Chickasaw State Park in Chester
County
and Pinson Mounds State Park in Madison County, Tennessee.  Most of the specimens are now mounted on microscope slides in
phenol-balsam and in my synoptic collection.

 

Regards to all,

Bill Grogan

 

Subfamily Forcipomyinae

Atrichopogon minutus (Meigen)

Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) fairfaxensis Wirth

Forcipomyia (Lepidohelea) dubiamima Wirth & Spinelli

 

Subfamily Dasyheleinae

Dasyhelea grisea (Coquillett)

 

Subfamily Ceratopogoninae

Tribe Culicoidini

Culicoides venustus Hoffman

Tribe Ceratopogonini

Brachypogon canadensis Downes

Downeshelea stonei (Wirth)

Stilobezzia antennalis (Coquillett)

Stilobezzia lutea (Malloch)

Tribe Sphaeromiini

        Mallochohelea atripes Wirth

Tribe Palpomyiini

        Bezzia (Pseudobezzia) sp. (undescribed)

        Palpomyia weemsi Grogan & Wirth

        Palpomyia walteri Grogan & Wirth

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Recent Literature

 

Taxonomy and Morphology

 

Ashe, P. and J. O'Connor. 2002. First records of Clinohelea unimaculata (Macquart) and Forcipomyia (Panhelea)

brevicubitus Goetghebuer (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae) from Ireland. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. 138(1656-

1659):133-134

 

Boorman, J. and A. van-Harten. 2002. Some Ceratopogonidae (Insecta: Diptera) from the Arabian Peninsula, with

particular reference to the Republic of Yemen. Fauna of Arabia. 19:427-462

 

Linton, Y., Mordue-Luntz, A., Cruickshank, R., Meiswinkel, R. Mellor, P.  and J. Dallas. 2002. Phylogenetic

analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of five species of the Culicoides imicola

species complex. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 16(2):139-146.

 

Soria, S., Felippe-Bauer, M. and S. de Oliveira. 2002. Lista das especies de Ceratopogonidae (Diptera,

Nematocera) do agro-ecossistema cacaueiro, depositadas na Colecao Entomological do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,

Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Entomol. Vect. 9(4):317-327.

 

Szadziewski, R. and J. Knoz. 2002. New synonyms of European biting midges (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae).

Annales Zoologici. 52(2):249-251.

 

Xue, J. and Y.x. Yu. 2002.A new species and a new record of Dasyhelea from Yutai, Shandong, China (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae). Zhongguo Meijieshengwuxue Ji Kongzhi Zazhi. 13(1):39-40.


 

Ecology and Methodology

 

Abu Elzein, E., Hilali, M., Al-Afaleq, A., Mellor, P., Boorman, J., Al-Atiya, S. and A. Al Naiem. 2002. Seasonal

abundance of four Culicoides spp. (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) at Al-Ahsa oasis, Eastern Province, Saudi

Arabia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 69(2):115-122.

 

Spinelli, G., Schaefer, E. and A. Kehr. 2002. First record of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) attacking

frogs in the Neotropical Region. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 104 (2):527-528.

 

 

Bluetongue Virus and other Pathogens

 

Adlard, R., Peirce, M. and R. Lederer. 2002. New species of Leucocytozoon from the avian families Otidae, Podargidae and Threskiornithidae.
Journal of Natural History
.
36 (11):1261-1267.

 

Aguero, M., Arias, M., Romero, L., Zamora, M. and J. Sanchez-Vizcaino. 2002. Molecular differentiation between NS1 gene of a field strain Bluetongue
virus serotype 2 (BTV-2) and NS1 gene of an attenuated BTV-2 vaccine. Veterinary Microbiology. 86 (4):337-341.

 

Baylis, M. 2002. The re-emergence of bluetongue. Veterinary Journal. 164(1):5-6.

 

Beaton, A., Rodriguez, J., Reddy, Y. and P. Roy. 2002. The membrane trafficking protein calpactin forms a complex with bluetongue virus protein NS3
and mediates virus release. Proceedings Of The
National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America. 99(2):13154-13159.

 

Bonneau, K., DeMaula, C., Mullens, B. and N. MacLachlan. 2002. Duration of viraemia infectious to Culicoides sonorensis in bluetongue virus-infected
cattle and sheep. Veterinary Microbiology. 88(2):115-125.

 

Bregani, E., Ghiringhelli, C., Ceraldi, T. and A. Rovellini. 2002. Identification of Mansonella perstans microfilariae in ascitic fluid. Tropical Doctor.
32(4): 249-250.

 

Campbell, C. and W. Wilson. 2002. Differentially expressed midgut transcripts in Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) following Orbivirus
(Reoviridae) oral feeding. Insect Molecular Biology. 11(6):595-604.

 

 

Clavijo, A., Sepulveda, L., Riva, J., Pessoa-Silva, M., Tailor-Ruthes, A. and J. Lopez. 2002. Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 12 from an outbreak of
the disease in
South America. Veterinary Record. 151(10):301-302.

 

Dayakar, S., Sreenivasulu, D., Rao, M. and P. Sreenivasulu. 2002. Production of polyclonal antibodies to bluetongue virus (BTV) and its utilisation for
detection of group specific antibodies. Indian Veterinary Journal. 79(8):858-860.

 

DeMaula, C., Leutenegger, C., Bonneau, K. and N. MacLachlan. 2002. The role of endothelial cell-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in the
pathogenesis of bluetongue. Virology. 296 (2):330-337.

 

DeMaula, C., Leutenegger, C., Jutila, M. and N. MacLachlan. 2002. Bluetongue virus-induced activation of primary bovine lung microvascular endothelial
cells. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 86 (3-4):147-157.

 

Diprose, J., Grimes, J., Sutton, G., Burroughs, J., Meyer, A., Maan, S., Mertens, P. and D. Stuart. 2002. The core of bluetongue virus binds double-stranded
RNA. Journal Of Virology. 76(18):9533-6536.

 

Gardon, J., Kamgno, J., Gardon-Wendel, N., Demanga-Ngangue Duke, B. and M. Boussinesq. 2002. Efficacy of repeated doses of ivermectin against
Mansonella
perstans. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 96(3): 325-326.

 

Gaydos, J., Stallknecht, D., Kavanaugh, D., Olson, R., and E. Fuchs. 2002. Dynamics of maternal antibodies to hemorrhagic disease viruses (Reoviridae:
Orbivirus
) in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 38 (2): 253-257.

 

Gotanda, T., Doi, M., Eiguchi, Y., Tanaka, Y., Kobayashi, S. and Y. Fujisaki. 2002. Characterization of

monoclonal antibodies against the second-generation schizonts of Leucocytozoon caulleryi. Journal of

Veterinary Medical Science. 64 (3):281-283.

 

Hauptmanova, K., Literak, I. And E. Bartova. 2002. Haematology and leucocytozoonosis of great tits (Parus

major L.) during winter. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 71(2):199-204.

 

Itoh, A. and T. Gotanda. 2002. The correlation of protective effects and antibody production in immunized

chickens with recombinant R7 vaccine against Leucocytozoon caulleryi. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.

(5):405-411.

 

Kirkland, P., Zhang, N., Hawkes, R., Li, Z., Zhang, F., Davis, R., Sanders, D., Li, H., Zhang, K., Ben, J., He,

G., Hornitzky, C. and N. Hunt. 2002. Studies on the epidemiology of bluetongue virus in China. Epidemiology

and Infection. 128 (2):257-263.

 

Kolm-Stark, G. and R. Wagner. 2002. Intradermal skin testing in Icelandic horses in Austria. Equine Veterinary

Journal. 34(4):405-410. [Culicoides hypersensitivity study, ed.]

 

Lord, C., Venter, G., Mellor, P., Paweska, J. and M. Woolhouse. 2002. Transmission patterns of African horse

sickness and equine encephalosis viruses in South African donkeys. Epidemiology and Infection. 128 (2):265-

275.

 

Malik, Y., Minakshi, Dahiya, S. Ramesh, K., Pawan, K. and G. Prasad. 2002. Bluetougue virus antibodies in

domestic camels (Camelus dromedarius) in northern regions of Rajasthan, India. Indian Journal of Animal

Sciences. 72(7):551-552.

 

Marmorato, A., Billia-Shaveet, D., Purmal, A., Brown, F. and J. Chapman. 2002. Broad-spectrum virus

reduction in red cell concentrates using INACTINE (TM) PEN110 chemistry. Cardiovascular & Hematology

Research. 83(4):313-323. [includes bluetongue virus, ed.]

 

Matsumori, Y., Inai, K., Yanase, T., Ohashi, S., Kato, T., Yoshida, K. and T. Tsuda. 2002. Serological and

genetic characterization of newly isolated Peaton virus in Japan. Archives of Virology. 147 (2):401-410.

[isolated from Japanese Culicoides species, ed.]

 

Mellor, P. and E. Wittmann. 2002. Bluetongue virus in the Mediterranean Basin 1998-2001. Veterinary Journal.

164(1):20-37.

 

Murata, K. 2002. Prevalence of blood parasites in Japanese wild birds. Journal Of Veterinary Medical Science.

64(9):785-790.

 

Ohashi, S., Yoshida, K., Yanase, T. and T. Tsuda. 2002. Analysis of intratypic variation evident in an Ibaraki

virus strain and its epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serogroup. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology. 40(10):

3684-3688.

 

Paweska, J., Venter, G. and P. Mellor. 2002. Vector competence of South African Culicoides species for

bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1) with special reference to the effect of temperature on the rate of virus

replication in C. imicola and C. bolitinos. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 16 (1):10-21.

 

Permin, A., Esmann, J., Hoj, C., Hove, T. and S. Mukaratirwa. 2002. Ecto-, endo- and haemoparasites in free-

range chickens in the Goromonzi District in Zimbabwe. Preventative Veterinary Medicine. 54(3):213-224.

 

Valkiunas, G., Liutkevicius, G. and T. Iezhova. 2002. Complete development of three species of Haemoproteus

(Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) in the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae).

Journal Of Parasitology. 88(5): 864-868.

 

Valkiunas, G., Iezhova, T, and S. Mironov. 2002. Leucocytozoon hamiltoni n. sp. (Haemosporida,

Leucocytozoidae) from the Bukharan great tit Parus bokharensis. Journal of Parasitology. (3):577-581.