Dear Ceratopogonid Colleagues,

Thanks to additional subscribers who indicated that they were willing to receive future CIE issues as e-mail attachments or by e-mail notification that issues have been uploaded to the CIE web pages. If other subscribers are willing to join this group please let me know as this is a way of reducing the costs of photocopying and mailing CIE issues. At present, and before this issue has been paid for, my out-of-pocket expenditures (minus two contributions) have totaled $253.66. While cost-cutting measures are beginning to work, I need to receive continued donations (see below) in order to successfully maintain CIE. Please remember that my goal is to manage CIE without limiting its availability to subscribers. One colleague who has been a CIE subscriber since its beginning sent in a $50.00 USD donation towards the production of future CIE issues. This is greatly appreciated and I would welcome other such donations of any amount towards supplementing and eventually covering the costs of producing CIE.

I would like to express my thanks to our colleagues who have submitted contributions printed in this issue. Ceratopogonid research is certainly alive and well! Please send your suggestions for how we can improve our web site. Remember to send me digital images of ceratopogonids as I would like to eventually create a ceratopogonid photo gallery on our web site. If you will send prints or slides I can scan them and return to you.

Best wishes to you and your family during the Christmas holiday and in the New Year!

Steve Murphree, Nashville

Announcements
 

Information Regarding the Biting Fly Workshop Meeting at

Freed-Hardemann University, May 23-26, 2002 (tentative)

The 2002 Biting Fly Workshop will be held at Freed-Hardemann University in Henderson, Tennessee (southwestern Tennessee). For the exact dates and other information about BFW-2002 contact Jim Goodwin at james.goodwin3@gte.net, visit the Free-Hardemann University web site: http://www.fhu.edu/admVisiting.asp, and check for updates on the CIE web page: http://www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/cienews/cie.html.
 

_____________________________________________________________

From: Daniel V. Hagan, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA USA

I hope that you have plans to participate in the upcoming International Congress of Dipterology to be held in Australia, Fall 2002. The last meeting was super in 1998, and hosted at Oxford University, UK. As a member of the ICD - Board of Directors/ Governing Board, I would encourage everyone in our Ceratopogonid group to make plans to attend and participate in the meeting in the land down under.

***** Plans are progressing well for the Fifth International Congress of Dipterology - to be held 29 September - 4 October 2002. The program is taking shape and a Draft Program will appear in the Second Announcement and Registration Brochure, which will be distributed in February 2002. The Brochure will also be posted on the web site. You may check the web site

http://www.uq.edu.au/entomology/dipterol/diptconf.html from time to time as info will be added as it becomes available. If you have any queries, you may contact Sally Brown about the: 5th International Congress of Dipterology The University of Queensland - Brisbane AUSTRALIA

Sally Brown Conference Connections
P.O. Box 108
Kenmore Queensland 4069 Australia
Telephone +61 7 3201 2808
Fax +61 7 3201 2809
Mobile 0407 178 200
Email sally.brown@uq.net.au

________________________________________

From: Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Editor, Fauna of China

Dear Colleagues:

The following two monographs on Biting midges of China should be of interest to your group and the newsletter.

Forcipomyiinae of China: The Genus Atrichopogon (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

Forcipomyiinae of China: The Genus Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

which appear in the series Fauna of China. Details are at:

http://www.mapress.com/FoC/foc/index.html
 
 

New CIE Members/Address Changes

Maria Goffredo (new to CIE)               e-mail: mgoffred@izs.it
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale        tel.: +39 0861 332285
"G. Caporale" - Teramo                         fax: +39 0861 33251
Department of Parasitology                    (a veterinarian of the Italian National Reference
64100 Teramo (Italy)                             via Campo Boario Center for Exotic Diseases; vectors of BTV)
 

Dr. Joseph E. Browne (new to CIE)     email: tcbrowj@tc.cc.va.us or
Tidewater Community College                          brownej@pilot.infi.net
300 Granby St. phone: 757-822-1274
Norfolk, Virginia Fax: 757-822-1189
(biology and systematics of neotropical Culicoides, molecular characterization of species using PCR)
 

Professor Mike W. Service                 e-mail: mservice@liverpool.ac.uk (as of Oct. 25, 2001)
 

Dr. Lisa J. Harwood                            e-mail: lisa.harwood@kkh.unibe.ch
 

Prof. Dr. Bilal Dik                                e-mail: Bdik@selcuk.edu.tr or (as of Oct. 25, 2001)
Selçuk Üniversitesi                                           Bilaldik@hotmail.com
Veteriner Fakültesi
Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalý
Kampüs-Konya
TÜRKÝYE (TURKEY)
+90 332 241 00 41/2736
 

Dr. Peter Masan (as of June 20, 2001)
Institute of Zoology
Slovak Academy of Sciences
Dubravska cesta 9
842 06 Bratislava SLOVAKIA
 

Correction

Please note that Maureen Coetzee’s e-mail address in CIE No. 67 was incorrect. Her correct e-mail address for inquiries about the Botha de Meillon festscrift is: maureenc@mail.saimr.wits.ac.za
 
 

Queries

_______________________________________________

Query from Robin M. Overstreet Robin.Overstreet@usm.edu
Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Professor, Department of Coastal Sciences
The University of Southern Mississippi, P.O. Box 7000 (Courier: 703 East Beach Drive, 39564)
Ocean Springs, MS 39566-7000; Tel: 228 872 4243, Fax: 228 872 4204, E-mail:

I am a parasitologist with only a curious interest in species of Culicoides other than in their ability to serve as an intermediate host to nematodes. While collecting parasites in the High Desert Lake Region of Oregon (Lake County) during June, I have encountered heavy populations of a biting midge (not as irritating as C. mississippiensis or C. furens along the Mississippi coast, but still aggravating). I would like to know the identity of the species (I assume there is only one that is a fierce biter) and a good reference(s) treating its ecological and life history aspects. Thank you for any help,

Robin M. Overstreet

_____________________________________________

Query from Ashley Kirk-Spriggs ashley@natmus.cul.na
Assistant Curator of Entomology, Editor of Cimbebasia/Cimbebasia Memoirs
Entomology Centre, National Museum of Namibia, P.O. Box 1203, Windhoek, Namibia

In Namibia we currently have a research project in place examining various aspects of the taxonomy and ecology of Namibian draginflies (Odonata). I have been told that some specimens of Ceratopogonidae have been collected feeding on dragonflies and am looking for a specialist who may wish to identify the specimens and perhaps write a short note on them (with reliable host identifications) for submission to our Museum's Scientific Journal Cimbebasia.  From what I have been told, Ceratopogonidae feeding on Odonata is not known for Africa, and would be interested to hear from anyone who knows otherwise.

Best wishes,
Ashley Kirk-Spriggs

____________________________________________________

Query from Roberto Aguilar M. S. Silva rsilva@cpap.embrapa.br
EMBRAPA-Agricultural Research Center for the Pantanal, Rua 21 de Setembro, 1880
CEP:79320-900, Corumba, MS, Brazil

I am a Brazilian researcher studying cattle viral diseases at Pantanal region of Brazil. I am very interested in Bluetongue and its vectors (ceratopogonid midges). The Pantanal wetlands are located in central South America, in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, is one of the largest continuous humid areas on the planet. It is a flat and periodically flooded area of 138,183 km², with 65% of its area in Mato Grosso do Sul State and 35% in Mato Grosso State. All of the rivers of the basin have an affect on the plains where an abundant and exuberant fauna and flora develops, under the influence of four biomes: Amazon, Savannah, Bolivian Chaco and Atlantic Forest. Due to its outstanding richness and abundance of wildlife, the Pantanal has been recognized by UNESCO as one of the most lush and diversified natural reserves on Earth.

The Paraguay River and its tributaries form extensive flooded areas used by many fish species, such as "pintado", "dourado", "pacu" and also several wildlife species such as caimans, capybaras and otters among other species. Several endangered species in other areas of Brazil, still have vigorous populations in the Pantanal, such as the Pantanal marsh deer, capybara,
jabiru stork, caiman and the blue hyacinth macaw.

In 1975, Embrapa became concerned with the conservation of the Pantanal wetlands, installed a research unit in Corumbá City, aiming to adapt, develop and transfer technologies for the sustainable use of its natural resources. The traditional raising of beef cattle was the initial focus of research. However, in a short period of time it was clear that the Pantanal should be studied as a whole and more researchers joined the initial research team. Currently, plant and fish resources are being studied, as well as fauna, hydrology, climate and soils. The environmental impacts on the Pantanal due to human activities and socio-economic aspects of the region are also being studied. Embrapa Pantanal has already identified almost two thousand plant species. Embrapa Pantanal´s proposal is to answer challenges, generating a new base of technological information capable of coordinating economic development with environmental conservation of the Pantanal. This is one of the most rich and diversified areas of Brasil and will remain protected, assuring that future generations will know and appreciate one of the last wild frontiers of the Earth.

Sincerely,
Roberto

(Ed. While Roberto does not directly ask for ceratopogonid researchers to join this effort, I believe that it is implied).

_____________________________________________

Query from Henry P. Roy, Jr. hnryj@eudoramail.com
Department of Entomology, University of the Philippines at Los Banos

I am currently conducting my Master’s of Science research on biting midges in beach resorts, especially the species Leptoconops (Styloconops) spinosifrons (Carter). In connection with this, I would like to ask for help from a ceratopogonid specialist who is familiar with the biting midges of the Philippines. Dr. Leopold Rueda, formerly a professor at UPLB, used to work on this group but he is now out of the country and I do not know where to contact him.

Very truly yours,
Henry P. Roy, Jr.
 

The Biting Fly Workshop and the North American Dipterist’s Society held a joint meeting in Alpine, Texas from May 30-June 4, 2001. Alpine is located in a beautiful mountainous area of southwestern Texas, in the vicinity of Big Bend National Park. The rugged terrain, marked with numerous igneous rock formations, was mainly covered by dry scrub vegetation and diverse cacti and agave species. Deer and pronghorn antelope were common and javelinas were present. The weather was dry and hot.

Evening meetings were held at Sul Ross State University in Alpine. The local host, Kazushige Yaguchi, was recruited by professor Diane Wood. Attendance was rather low when compared to recent BFW/NADS meetings but participants were treated to interesting presentations, productive collecting and good food. The 2002 BFW will be held in Henderson, Tennessee (see above).
 

________________________________________________

Contribution from Art Borkent aborkent@jetstream.net
Enderby, British Columbia

One of the real puzzles in our understanding of the Ceratopogonidae (and we know there are many!) concerns the early lineage represented by the extant Austroconops mcmillani. Recent research has shown that, aside from Leptoconops, Austroconops is the sister group to all other remaining Ceratopogonidae (Borkent, 2000; Borkent et al. 1987). The species, recorded only from southwestern Australia, is known from only 3 males and 50 females. We know very little about its biology and the immatures have never been discovered.

Austroconops, is represented by a remarkable fossil record, with four species present in Lebanese amber, 120 million years old! These fossil species are very similar to the extant A. mcmillani and further information about this species will certainly shed substantial light on the biology and adaptations of the earliest of Ceratopogonidae. In many ways, studying A. mcmillani is like travelling back to the early Cretaceous!

I have undertaken a major project to interpret the larvae and pupae of all the Ceratopogonidae, at the generic level, and discovery of the larva and pupa of A. mcmillani would help to interpret the features of other Ceratopogonidae (the earliest lineage, Leptoconops, is in many features too derived to be of use in this manner, somewhat like the platypus is for the rest of the mammals).

I therefore undertook an expedition to Western Australia this fall, with the able help of my wife Annette, to find the immatures of A. mcmillani and to learn more about the biology of this fascinating species. We arrived at Yanchep National Park, just north of Perth on Oct. 15, where Peter McMillan collected part of the type series in 1954 and where Alan Dyce and Bill Wirth had collected the first males in 1985. Our first 4 days there produced not a single adult specimen and working over a variety of aquatic substrates failed to produce any larvae or pupae. With heads hanging, we left Yanchep NP to head south, where some other A. mcmillani had been collected earlier. It wasn’t until we reached a spot near Augusta, at the very SW corner of Australia that I found 1 male and 3 females. Of the three females, one was inadvertently preserved, one escaped from a vial and flew off into the trees (it is amazing what ceratopogonids can do to my emotional state!) but the third was successfully placed in a vial with some wet mud and a tiny dab of honey. She laid a fine set of eggs and these produced first instar larvae, which were beautiful to behold! As expected they have a number of primitive features, some shared with Chironomidae, and will be fun to study under the compound microscope and with the SEM (they are small!).

Our travels eastward brought us gradually to Albany, on the south coast of Western Australia, camping in the National Parks and elsewhere and thoroughly enjoying ourselves. Although numbers of other Ceratopogonidae were discovered, no further Austroconops were found. However, the spring flowers were absolutely incredible; southwestern Australia has over 12,000 species of vascular plants and we saw many, many of them in bloom.

We returned to Yanchep NP on Nov. 18 and hit the jackpot, with A. mcmillani females biting at several locations (in one spot, a huge number, with probably over 50 females coming in every minute and with a very painful bite). We were able to make good observations of female behaviour and male swarming (yes, I have 200+ males). We also duplicated Alan Dyce and Bill Wirth’s collection technique of chasing kangaroos with a car net and I additionally chased the beasts on foot, obtaining numbers of female A. mcmillani but none blood-fed. Still, it was obvious that the kangaroos were being bothered as much as we were. I was able to obtain further eggs from females which had blood-fed on our bodies (Annette was very patient and I have some good photos of the midges biting her!) and these are incubating now. The search for larvae and pupae in nature again produced not a one. It is a remaining puzzle where the immatures are living.

We left Yanchep NP in the morning of Nov. 21 to catch the plane back on the 22^nd. Traveling with live A. mcmillani females in vials from Perth to Hong Kong to Vancouver, and then driving through the snow to Enderby in the interior of British Columbia was challenging, in spite of the proper permission forms but all is well that ends well and a number of females lived through the ordeal.

The first instar larvae are at this point (Nov. 29) not feeding well. Some larvae have died but a few are robust and seem to be smiling. I’m hoping that these will rear through and we will see what the pupa of this species looks like.

General collecting of Ceratopogonidae in Western Australia was productive and a number of other undescribed species were discovered. Currently, only 30 species are known from all of Western Australia and it is hardly surprising that many more are actually living there.

Otherwise, our trip was excellent. Café latte is available in most places, the beaches incredible, the national parks are super and the biotic absolutely fascinating. Lots of weird life forms down under! We found the park staff at every park very helpful, both with advice and services. In particular, we couldn’t have had the experience we did in Yanchep NP without their help (especially that of John Wheeler, the Ranger in Charge). And, of course, the Aussies themselves were generous, warm and great fun!

Borkent, A. 2000. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese
        amber with a discussion of the diversity and patterns found in other ambers. pp. 355-452, in: D. Grimaldi (ed.),
        Studies on Fossils in Amber, with Particular Reference to the Cretaceous of New Jersey. Backhuys Publishers,
        Leiden, The Netherlands, viii + 498 pp.

Borkent, A., W.W. Wirth and A.L. Dyce. 1987. The newly discovered male of Austroconops
        (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) with a discussion of the phylogeny of the basal lineages of the Ceratopogonidae.
        Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 89:587-606.
________________________________________________________

Contribution from Yehuda Bravermann ybrav_vs@netvision.net.il
Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel

1. I am involved now in a project to isolate West Nile virus from Culicoides and other non -mosquito biting insects. We had cases of human infection with WNV in localities where mosquitoes could not be detected (probably due to control). The virus is known in Israel since the 50’s, but since 1998 we have had widespread human infections each summer. Unfortunately (for me) this year when the Ministry of the Environment agreed to support this entomological project, we had very few cases of WNV.

2. From 1998 to date we did not have outbreaks of Bluetongue virus, but we did have outbreaks of mosquito-borne animal diseases: West Nile virus and bovine ephemeral fever. It seems that the climatic factors that encourage mosquito-borne pathogens are different than those of Culicoides-borne pathogens.

3. In analyzing BTV data from in Israel from the years1968 to 2001 we found only 2 cases of BTV in areas that get 300 mm or less of rainfall.

Best regards,
Yehuda

_____________________________________________________

Contribution from Brad Mullens mullens@mail.ucr.edu
University of California, Riverside

Our research projects the past few years have taken a turn toward poultry ectoparasites and away from the Culicoides work. However, we do have one very interesting project with a colleague at the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Carol Cardona. Carol was contacted by a quail producer in northern California regarding a serious summertime mortality/morbidity problem in young bobwhites. Bobwhites are not native to California, although we have several other native quail species. With some much-appreciated help from Ellis Greiner, the pathogen was identified in blood smears as Haemoproteus lophortyx, a protozoan.

Available literature includes studies from 40-70 years ago, noting that the pathogen is apparently quite widespread in native quail in the southwestern U.S. and can cause problems for them as well. Two older studies implicated louse flies (Hippobiscidae) as intermediate hosts and transmitters. However, the pathogen replicated slowly in the louse flies tested, and transmission experiments were inconclusive. At the time, researchers were not yet aware of the role of Culicoides in transmission of similar agents.

To date we have not found any louse flies on the bobwhites. Given the more recent evidence linking Culicoides with Haemoproteus spp. transmission to birds, and possible involvement of other Diptera such as Simuliidae, we have begun trapping studies near the quail as a first step in implicating a vector. The owner is enthusiastic and extremely helpful in setting traps. Black light suction traps near the quail have turned up several Culicoides spp. Of these, the most abundant by far (and often engorged with blood) is C. multidentatus. Interestingly, C. multidentatus was implicated in the 1970’s by John Anderson and others in filarial nematode transmission to valley quail in northern California. This suggests it has both the host affinity and longevity characteristics we are looking for.

Carol is the lead investigator and is documenting the seasonal occurrence and prevalence of H. lophortyx in the bobwhites; she also is interested in the pathogen-vertebrate interaction. At this point our entomological effort is directed toward continued concurrent insect trapping, obtaining insects which we know engorged on diseased quail, and surveying possible developmental sites. This should allow us to document the development of the pathogen in the invertebrate (or lack thereof), and hopefully set the stage for transmission trials. The distance between the site and Riverside (over 500 miles) in inconvenient for such studies, but they are not impossible. Possibly we may find a site closer to Riverside for this phase.

Initially, I designed a trap to operate completely passively for a long period (e.g. overnight), holding diseased quail and hopefully retaining insects attracted to and feeding on them (ramp trap style). Regrettably, it has been a flop so far. At this point our best alternatives seem to be 1) collecting live material in black light traps placed near the general quail population (most of which are infected at some level) or 2) drop-trap type collections from quail using traps like those of Bennett. We will devote more effort to this next summer. If some of you have suggestions on the trapping, or detection of the pathogen in formalin-fixed insects (we have quite a few), I would be happy to hear them. Thanks.

_____________________________________________________

Contribution from Andrey Przhiboro andrew@iia.stud.pu.ru
Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia

In spring, 2001, my Ph.D. dissertation, "Ecology and role of benthic dipterans in shallow water communities of small lakes in Northwest Russia", was completed and defended. The work considers three groups of freshwater lakes situated at three latitudes, from the Polar Circle to 55° North. Within each lake the littoral zone up to a depth of 1.5 m and the zone at the water line were studied. The main emphasis was given to quantitative assessment (numbers and biomasses) on non-chironomid dipteran immatures, and to the reliable identification of these based on mass rearing to adults using three different rearing methods.

The faunal composition in 10 lakes was greater than 240 spp. in 30 families. The species’ habitat and depth distribution, seasonal dynamics, emergence periods and voltinism were studied. Several correlations between the biomasses of Diptera and the environmental factors (e.g. plant cover, prey biomass) were established. The data on dipteran abundance were compared with data on other macrobenthos, and trophic relationships of several abundant species were estimated. Thus, an attempt to assess the role of Diptera in benthic communities was made. Some latitudinal tendencies in community structure, abundance and taxonomic composition of Diptera were also described. The results of this study are the most comprehensive for bodies of water in the Palearctic region.

Ceratopogonidae were among the predominant taxa, both in numbers and in biomass, at all studied habitats. No less than 52 spp. Of biting midges (all regional subfamilies, 15 genera) were found to develop in the shallow water zone of the lakes, including 28 spp. which develop in the littoral zone. Thus, ceratopogonids provided a lot of different ecological information.

The complete text of my dissertation is available in the Zoological Institute (St. Petersburg, Russia). Some publications including information on ceratopogonid fauna and ecology , not covered by CIE, are listed below:

Przhiboro, A. 1997. Data on oxygen consumption by the freshwater larvae of Diptera during winter. Diptera (Insecta)
        in Ecosystems. E.P. Nartchuk [Ed.]. Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, p. 106-108. (In Russian).

Przhiboro, A. 1999. The quantitative characteristics of Diptera (Insecta) of the shallow littoral zone of small lakes in the
        North Karelia. Zoological Sessions. Annual Reports, 1998. St. Petersburg, Proc. Zool. Inst. (Trudy Zool. Inst.
        Ross. Akad. Nauk), vol. 281, p. 129-134.

Przhiboro, A. 2000. Synusia of the turf inhabitants on monocotyledones – a poorly known component of the lake
        macrobenthos. Zoological Sessions. Annual Reports, 1999. St. Petersburg, Proc. Zool. Inst. (Trudy Zool. Inst.
        Ross. Akad. Nauk), vol. 286, p. 113-120.

Przhiboro, A. 2001. Emergence phenology and the life cycles of Diptera (Insecta) inhabiting the shallow water zone of
        lakes: comparison of the data for three latitudes. 4^th European workshop on invertebrate ecophysiology, St.
        Petersburg, Russia, 9-15 September, 2001. Abstracts, p. 130.

In the near future, I am planning to continue the study of shallow water populations of Ceratopogonidae, and the prepare some papers considering taxonomic composition and different aspects of the ecology of lake-inhabiting biting midges.
 

Taxonomy and Morphology

Borkent, A. 2001. Leptoconops (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), the earliest extant lineage of biting midge, discovered in
    120-122 million-year-old Lebanese amber. American Museum Novitates (3328): 1-11.

Ghonaim, M., Ibrahim, A. and A. Ali. 2001. A review of the genus Forcipomyia (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) from
    Egypt with description of a new species. Oriental Insects. 35: 39-47.

Ghonaim, M., Fadl, H., Ibrahim, A. and A. Ali. 2001. An annotated checklist of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of
    Egypt. Oriental Insects. 35: 247-258

Kanasugi, T. and S. Kitaoka. 2001. Two new species of subgenus Avaritia of the Culicoides biting midges (Diptera:
    Ceratopogonidae) from Japan. Med. Entomol. Zool. 52(3): 227-229.

Panov, A. 2001. Histological structure of the food canal in Nematocera (Diptera) imago head. 2. Culicomorpha.
    Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 80 (3): 308-323.

Sebastiani, F., Meiswinkel, R., Gomulski, L., Guglielmino, C., Mellor, P., Malacrida, A. and G. Gasperi. 2001.
    Molecular differentiation of the Old World Culicoides imicola species complex (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), inferred
    using random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. Molecular Ecology. 10 (7): 1773-1786.

Ecology and Methodology

Angradi, T., Hagan, S. and K. Able. 2001. Vegetation type and the intertidal macroinvertebrate fauna of a brackish
    marsh: Phragmites vs. Spartina. Wetlands. 21 (1): 75-92.

Bhasin, A., Mordue, A. and W. Mordue. 2001. Field studies on efficacy of host odour baits for the biting midge
    Culicoides impunctatus in Scotland. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 15 (2): 147-156.

Blackwell, A. 2000. Scottish biting midges: tourist attraction or deterrent? Antenna 24(3): 144-150.

Borkent, A. and D. Craig. 2001. Submerged Stilobezzia rabelloi Lane (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) pupae obtain
    oxygen from the aquatic fern Salvinia minima Baker. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington.
    103 (3): 655-665.

Botha, B. and C. McCrindle. 2000. An appropriate method for extracting the insect repellent citronellol from an
    indigenous plant (Pelargonium graveolens L'Her) for potential use by resource-limited animal owners. Journal of
    the South African Veterinary Association 71(2): 103-105.

Callisto, M., Moreno, P. and F. Barbosa. 2001. Habitat diversity and benthic functional trophic groups at Serra do
    Cipo, Southeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 61 (2): 259-266.

Cresswell, J. E. 2000. Resource input and the community structure of larval infaunas of an eastern tropical pitcher
    plant Nepenthes bicalcarata. Ecological Entomology 25(3): 362-366.

Flavin, D., Biggane-Sinead, S., Sheil, C., Smiddy, P. and J. Fairley. 2001. Analysis of the diet of Daubenton's bat
    Myotis daubentonii in Ireland. Acta Theriologica. 46 (1): 43-52. (Chironomidae/Ceratopogonidae 24% of diet,Ed.)

Hagan, D., Hassold, E., Kynde, B., Szadziewski, R., Thunes, K., Skartveit, J. and W. Grogan. 2000. Biting midges
    (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from forest habitats in Norway. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 69: 465-476.

Hribar, L. and J. Vlach. 2001. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) and biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collections
    in Florida Keys State Parks. Florida Scientist. 64 (3): 219-223.

Li, G. Q.; Qin, Z. H.; Lin, H. H.; Weng, Y. B.; Zhang, J. H.; Wu, H. X.; Xie, M. Q. 2000. SEM observation on sense
    organs of Culicoides arakawae and Culicoides schultzei. Journal of South China Agricultural University 21(2): 72-75.

Liu, G. P.; Deng, C. Y. 2000. A new species of Culicoides and newly found male of Culicoides pelius Liu et Yu (Diptera:
    Ceratopogonidae) from Tibet, China. Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control 11(4): 245-247.

Mary, N. and P. Marmonier. 2000. First survey of interstitial fauna in New Caledonian rivers: Influence of geological and
    geomorphological characteristics. Hydrobiologia 418(1-3): 199-208.

Musuka, G., Meiswinkel, R., Baylis, M., Kelly, P and P. Mellor. 2001. Prevalence of Culicoides imicola and other
    species (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) at eight sites in Zimbabwe. Journal Of The South African Veterinary
    Association-Tydskrif. 72(2): 62-63.

Sebastian, A., Kovac, D. and R. Hashim. 2001. The sticky habits of bloodsucking midges. Malaysian Naturalist.
    54(3): 40-42.

Sommer, B and P. Horwitz. 2001. Water quality and macroinvertebrate response to acidification following intensified
    summer droughts in a Western Australian wetland. Marine and Freshwater Research. 52(7): 1015-1021.

Spinelli, G. R.: Muzon, J. 2000. A viewpoint on patagonian biogeography from the Ceratopogonidae case (Insecta:
    Diptera). Biogeographica 76(3): 125-132.

Wang, D. R.; Xu, G. Z.; Liu, Y. 2000. Observation on the rhythm of the round-the-clock activities of blood-sucking
    midges in Changbaishan. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 13(2): 159-160.

Yanoviak, S. 2001. Container color and location affect macroinvertebrate community structure in artificial treeholes in
    Panama. Florida Entomologist. 84: 265-271.
 

Bluetongue Virus and other Pathogens

Billinis, C., Koumbati, M., Spyrou, V., Nomikou, K., Mangana, O., Panagiotidis, C. and O. Papadopoulos. 2001
    Bluetongue virus diagnosis of clinical cases by a duplex reverse transcription-PCR: a comparison with conventional
    methods. Journal of Virological Methods. 98(1): 77-89.

Bonneau, K., Mullens, B. and N. MacLachlan. 2001. Occurrence of genetic drift and founder effect during quasispecies
    evolution of the VP2 and NS3/NS3A genes of bluetongue virus upon passage between sheep, cattle, and Culicoides
    sonorensis. Journal of Virology. 75(17): 8298-8305.

Dayakar, S., Sreenivasulu, D., Sudharani, K., Rao, M. and P. Sreenivasulu. 2001. Serological survey for the prevalence
    of bluetongue virus antibodies in cattle by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Indian Journal of Animal
    Sciences. 71 (7): 614-616.

DeJong, R., Reimink, R. and H. Blankespoor. 2001. Hematozoa of hatch-year common mergansers from Michigan.
    Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 37 (2): 403-407.

Deviche, P., Greiner, E. and X. Manteca. 2001. Interspecific variability of prevalence in blood parasites of adult
    passerine birds during the breeding season in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 37 (1): 28-35.

Deviche, P., Greiner, E. and X. Manteca. 2001. Seasonal and age-related changes in blood parasite prevalence
    in Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis, Aves, Passeriformes). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 289 (7):456-466.

Dinkins, M., Stallknecht, D., Howerth, E. and B. Brackett. 2001. Photosensitive chemical and laser light treatments
    decrease epizootichemorrhagic disease virus associated with in vitro produced bovine embryos. Theriogenology.
    55 (8): 1639-1655.

Dinkins, M., Stallknecht, D. and B. Brackett. 2001. Reduction of infectious epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
    associated with in vitro produced bovine embryos by non-specific protease. Animal Reproduction Science.
    65 (3-4): 205-213.

Forrester, D. Foster, G, and J. Thul. 2001. Blood parasites of the ring-necked duck (Aythya collaris) on its
    wintering range in Florida, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology. 68 (2): 173-176.

Forrester, D., Foster, G., Morrison, J. 2001. Leucocytozoon toddi and Haemoproteus tinnunculi (Protozoa :
    Haemosporina) in the chimango caracara (Milvago chimango) in southern Chile. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo
    Cruz. 96(7): 1023-1024.

Hassan, S., Wirblich, C., Forzan, M. and P. Roy. 2001. Expression and functional characterization of bluetongue
    virus VP5 protein: Role in cellular permeabilization. Journal of Virology. 75(18): 8356-8367.

Hatchwell. B., Wood, M., Anwar M., Chamberlain D. and C. Perrins. 2001. The haematozoan parasites of
    Common Blackbirds Turdus merula: Associations with host condition. Ibis. 143 (3): 420-426.

Krone, O., Priemer, J., Streich, J., Sommer, P., Langgemach, T. and O. Lessow. 2001. Haemosporida of birds
    of prey and owls from Germany. Acta Protozoology. 40(4): 281-289.

Kuno, G. 2001. Transmission of arboviruses without involvement of arthropod vectors. Acta Virologica. 45(3): 139-150

Kuno, G. 2001. Persistence of arboviruses and antiviral antibodies in vertebrate hosts: its occurrence and impacts.
    Review of Medical Virology. 11(3): 165-190.

Lehmkuhl, H., Hobbs, L. and L. Woods. 2001. Characterization of a new adenovirus isolated from black-tailed
    deer in California. Archives of Virology. 146(6): 1187-1196.

Martinez-Torrecuadrada, J., Langeveld, J., Meloen and J. Casal. 2001. Definition of neutralizing sites on African
    horse sickness virus serotype 4 VP2 at the level of peptides. J.l of General Virology. 82: 2415-2424.

McKelvie, J., Foster, A., Hamblin, A. and F. Cunningham. 2001. Culicoides antigen extract stimulates equine
    blood mononuclear (BMN) cell proliferation and the release of eosinophil adherence-inducing factor(s).Research
    in Veterinary Science. 70 (2): 115-122.

Meissner, J., Mecham, J. and W. Wilson. 2001 Verification of bluetongue virus S9 segment nucleotide sequences.
    Virus Research. 81(1-2): 93.

Mullens, B., Gerry, A. and R. Velten. 2001. Failure of a permethrin treatment regime to protect cattle against
    bluetongue virus. Journal of Medical Entomology. 38(5): 760-762.

Nakamura, K., Ogiso, M., Shibahara, T., Kasuga, H. and T. Isobe. 2001. Pathogenicity of Leucocytozoon caulleryi
    for specific pathogen-free laying hens. Journal of Parasitology. 87(5): 1202-1204.

Ohnishi, Y. and K. Nishimura. 2001. Role of reticulocytes on gametocytogenesis in chickens infected with
    Leucocytozoon caulleryi. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 63 (7): 797-800.

Saeed, M., Nunes, M., Vasconcelos, P., da Rosa, A., Watts, D, Russell, K., Shope, R., Tesh, R. and A. Barrett.
    2001. Diagnosis of oropouche virus infection using a recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme immunoassay.
    Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 39 (7):2445-2452.

Saeed, M., Wang, H., Suderman, M., da Rosa, A., Li, L., Shope, R., Tesh, R. and A. Barrett. 2001. Jatobal virus
    is a reassortant containing the small RNA of Oropouche virus. Virus Research. 77(1): 25-30.

Shelley, A., and S. Coscaron. 2001. Simuliid blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and ceratopogonid midges (Diptera:
    Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda:Onchocercidae) in northern Argentina.
    Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 96 (4): 451-458.

Singer, R., MacLachlan, N. and T. Carpenter. 2001. Maximal predicted duration of viremia in bluetongue virus-
    infected cattle. Veterinary Diagnostic Investigations. 13(1): 43-49.

Stark, G., Schneider, B. and M. Gemeiner. 2001. Zinc and copper plasma levels in Icelandic horses with Culicoides
    hypersensitivity. Equine Veterinary Journal. 33(5): 506-509.

Subramanian, K. and S. Piramanayagam. 2001. Epidemiological observation on bluetongue in Tirunelveli region.
    Indian Veterinary Journal 78(10): 945-946.

Tessaro, S, and A. Clavijo. 2001. Duration of bluetongue viremia in experimentally infected American bison. Journal
    of Wildlife Diseases. 37(4): 722-729.

Traore, L., Fontenille, D., Diallo, M., Ba, Y., Zeller, H., Mondo, M., Adam, F., Thonon, J. and A. Maiga. 2001.
    Arbovirus surveillance from 1990 to 1995 in the Barkedji area (Ferlo) of Senegal, a possible natural focus of Rift Valley
    fever virus. Journal of Medical Entomology. 38 (4): 480-492.

Valkiunas, G. and T. Iezhova. 2001. A comparison of the blood parasites in three subspecies of the yellow wagtail
    Motacilla flava. Journal of Parasitology. 87(4): 930-934.

van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M. and L. Goehring. 2001. Immune-mediated skin diseases in the horse.
    Pferdeheilkunde. 17(4): 346-353.

Wittman, E., Mellor, P. and M.Baylis. 2001. Using climate data to map the potential distribution of Culicoides imicola
    (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in Europe. Review of Science and Technology Office of International Epizootiology.
    20(3): 731-740.

Yu, C. and J. Wang. 2001. Culicoides arakawae (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) efficiently blood-fed and infected with
    Leucocytozoon caulleryi through a natural membrane. Veterinary Parasitology. 99(4): 297-303.

Yu, C. and J. Wang. 2001. Role of chicken serum in inhibiting Leucocytozoon caulleryi development in Culicoides
    arakawae infected by membrane-feeding of infective blood meals. Parasitological Research. 87(9): 698-701.

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