Dear Ceratopogonid Colleagues,

Hello from Nashville, Tennessee! As the new editor of CIE, I look forward to working with you to improve our unique forum for advancing research on the Ceratopogonidae through CIE issues and the Ceratopogonidae Web Page. First I want to thank Dr. Dan Hagan who has been and continues to be very helpful during this time of transition (I sincerely apologize that I am behind schedule with my first issue and promise to mail the May 2001 issue in more timely fashion).

Secondly, due to my Department’s and School’s somewhat limited funds for photocopying and mailing a newsletter of this size my Department Chair and Dean have agreed to fund the first two issues but have asked that I (we) find ways of reducing these costs in future issues without limiting CIE’s availability to subscribers. Here are my thoughts on this: 1) if everyone who would be willing to receive each CIE issue as an e-mail attachment would send me information about your computer’s operating system and word processor software and version, this would avoid all costs at this end; 2) since I plan to publish each future CIE issue on the CIE web site, those of you who would only need an e-mail reminder could inform me of this; lastly (3) I have tried mailing this issue in a standard no. 10 envelope to save on postage. Please send me your ideas/feedback concerning solutions to this challenge we face.

While much of the CIE web page has been activated from my unversity’s server, a number of links are still going to Georgia Southern University. I have a secretary working on rename each file (slow work) so that all archived (and future) materials will be available from one place. Thanks for your patience regarding updating our web site. I plan to make all changes which I have been made aware of soon after the first of the year. Also check for an upcoming list of catalogs on Ceratopogonidae.

Lastly, it is with regret that I include news of Botha de Meillon's recent death in this issue of CIE.  Most of you are aware of Botha's many contributions to our knowledge of the Ceratopogonidae.  Bill Grogan's words say it best, "we've lost too many giants in our beloved ceratopogonid field during the last decade".

With best regards,

C. Steven Murphree, Ph.,D.
murphrees@mail.belmont.edu
 
 
 

Summary of CIE Contents:

Note on the death of Botha de Meillon

Announcements

Address Changes

Contributions from Ceratopogonid Scientists

Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae

Note on the Death of Botha de Meillon

It is with regret that I inform you of the death of our colleague Dr. Botha de Meillon as an addendum to this issue.  Bill Grogan contacted me recently to say that Botha's daughter, Delia Bentivoglio, had telephoned him and informed him of Botha's passing.  Delia mentioned that Botha's last few months left him in an ever weakening and frail state and that he died at their home in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania on Wednesday, December 6, 2000 after attaining an age of 98 last October.

The next Biting Fly Workshop will be held in the Davis Mountains of southwestern Texas in conjunction with the North American Dipterists Society (NADS). For information about BFW-2001 please go to the NADS April 2000 newsletter: http://res2.agr.ca/ecorc/program2/entomology/flytimes/issue24/issue24.htm

contact Dr. Frank E. French at: French@gsvms2.cc.gasou.edu ; Dept. of Biology,

P. O. Box 8042, Georgia Southern Univ., Statesboro, GA 30460 and please check the CIE web site for updates about this meeting: http://www.belmont.edu/Science/Biology/cienews/cie.html

2000 Biting Fly Workshop

The Biting Fly Workshop (BFW) met at Craigville, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA from 17 to 20 July. There were 24 people attending and the weather, biting midges and greenhead horse flies all cooperated during the peak of greenhead season and tourists on the Cape.

The meeting featured talks by Bruce Sutton from Gainesville, Florida about the use of cuticular hydrocarbons in working out the puzzle of "greenheads" along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. John Stoffolano of the University of Massachusetts gave a review of research accomplishment regarding salt marsh greenheads over the past half century of work on these flies and presented some challenges for the future. Alan Grant of American Biophysics in Rhode Island demonstrated the Mosquito Magnet (Amer. Bioph. 2240 So. County Trail, E. Greenwich, RI

02818). This trap also catches bags full of ceratopogonids. Mosquito Magnet burns propane catalytically to produce carbon dioxide, heat, water vapor and, with a fuel cell, electricity to operate a fan. Alan presented data on the sensory physiology of ceratopogonids in which he used microelectrodes implanted in sensillae responding to carbon dioxide and other materials. Monty Wood gave a review of INBio, an effort to list and document insects of Costa Rica.
 

New Repository of Willis Wirth’s Reprints

While at the Biting Fly Workshop in Massachusetts Steve Murphree obtained a nearly complete set of reprints of Willis Wirth’s Ceratopogonidae publications from Bruce Sutton (see above). These have been filed by Dr. Wirth’s reference numbering system and the number of copies of each ranges from 1-4. Please see the "References" section of the CIE web site for a complete list of these publications and contact Steve,  murphrees@mail.belmont.edu,   to request specific reprints.
 

Address (mailing and e-mail) Changes and Updates

Dr. Larry Hribar
New e-mail address: sphaeromias@lycos.com
New web page is: http://sphaeromias.tripod.com/publications.html

Dr.Chris Paradise
New e-mail address:  chparadise@davidson.edu
New mailing address:    Christopher J. Paradise
                                Asst. Professor of Biology
                                Dept. of Biology
                                Davidson College
                                Davidson, NC 28036

T.M. Paimpali
Paimpali@vsnl.com
Paimpalil House
Kidangoor P.O.,
Kottayam, Kerala
INDIA. 686 572.

Dr. Paola Scaramozzino
pscaramozzino@rm.izs.it
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale
Del Lazio e della Toscna
Via Appia Nuova, 1411
00178 Roma
ITALY

Dr. Maria Dolores (Lola) Ortega
Delegación Provincial de Medio Ambiente
Tomás de Aquino s/n 7ª planta
14071-Córdoba
SPAIN
Telephone +34 957 001281
fax +34 957 001262

Contributions from Ceratopogonid Scientists

Contribution from Ellis C. Greiner:

I have a student who is making blood smears from 2 species of weaver birds in Andhra Pradesh, India. We are planning for him to make some collections with dry ice baited CDC traps this summer and will need

some help identifying the species of Culicoides collected. If you know the Indian biting midge fauna and are willing to help us with this small project, I would appreciate you contacting me at the the following address. These are very preliminary studies and peripheral to this graduate student's dissertation research.

Sincerely,

Ellis C. Greiner
Dept. of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Box 110880
Unversity of Florida
Gainesville, Florida 32611
352-392-4700 ext 5861
email: greinere@mail.vetmed.ufl.edu

_____________________________________

Contribution from John Boorman

Here is a brief contribution to the next CIE; long overdue, I fear. I have two queries which some kind person may feel able to comment on.
The first concerns a male Culicoides from Dubai, U.A.E., which I puzzled over for some time. It seemed vaguely familar; the genitalia very like those of C. calloti, but the tergite much longer and the parameres somewhat different. I then suddenly realised the reason it was familiar; it was C. ibriensis which I described from Oman (Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 1989, 10, 181). I had discussed this a little while before with Brad Mullens (it was a great pleasure to meet with you again, Brad) who drew my attention to C. utahensis. This shares with C. ibriensis the reduction of the antennal plume in the male and, I believe, a pattern of sensilla coeloconica which is the same in both male and female antennae. My queries are:

a. can anyone recall the paper in which the reduction of the plume in C. utahensis is discussed?  I have a vague idea it was one of Bill Wirth's, but which?
b. does anyone know of any other species with a similar modification and, if so, are they desert species which C. utahensis and C. ibriensis appear to be?
c. can anyone suggest he purpose of the modification? I know that C. utahensis is found in the ears of jack rabbits, and perhaps it is in some way a means of locating the source of blood and hence females; but if this is so, why isn't the modification more widespread?

My other query concerns catches of midges above ground level. I was recently sorting through some figures from light trap catches at Pirbright from 1980-84, nightly from May to November, which compared the numbers of other genera (Forcipomyia, Atrichopogon, Dasyhelea, Stilobezzia, Serromyia, Kolenohelea, Palpomyia and Bezzia) caught in pairs of light traps at ground level and some 25 feet up trees. In almost all cases the catch was numerically greater up the trees, and with a corresponding greater diversity of species. For example, in July 1980, trap 3b (bottom of tree, edge of wood) caught 83 Palpomyia, and 3t (at 25ft) caught 228; trap 4b (100yds in wood, bottom of tree) caught 33 Palpomyia and trap 4t (25ft) caught 252. This difference also applied to Culicoides; it was not a simple "edge effect" as it also applied to a pair of traps about 100 yds inside a wood. Does anyone else have any experience of this? Would traps sited up trees
be better for survey work than traps at ground level? Incidentally the traps were small 12-volt traps with a fan and the light source was a 6-inch 8-watt flourescent daylight lamp. Very curious, but useful as it allowed me to catch a wide range of species.

I continue to work at home, and still have a lot of West African material to work through. Please keep the contributions to the CIE coming, as this is one of my ways of being able to keep in touch with what is going on. All good wishes to you all.

John Boorman
e-mail : midge@culicoides.freeserve.co.uk

____________________________________

Contribution from Doug Kettle:

The other day I realised that I possessed the only known copy of a Ph.D. thesis by R.H. Parish entitled "Studies in Culicoides". It gives details of field trials carried out at Talladale on the west side of Loch Maree in Wester Ross, described in the AA Road Book of Scotland as "the picturesque and hilly western half of the county of Ross and Cromarty". It is one of the least inhabited areas of western Europe. Observations on the untreated population were made in 1954, insecticidal treatment was applied in May-June 1955 and the effect monitored for the midge season in 1955, 1956 and 1957.

In 1956 additional experimental areas were selected and attempts were made to control C. impunctatus around seven selected isolated hotels widely distributed throughout Scotland, ranging from Scourie in Sutherland in the north west to Carsphairn in Kirkcudbright in the south west. In 1957 a second hotel on the Island of Skye was included.

In 1956 observations were made on the adult populations at five of the seven treated sites. In 1957 observations were made at all eight treated sites. Further observations were made at three of these locations in 1958. The insecticides used were three chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT, BHC and Dieldrin).

This study was written up by R.H. Parish in the form of a Ph.D. thesis and submitted to the University of Edinburgh. The examiners returned the thesis to the candidate for revision and resubmission. It is generally accepted by academics that when a such a thesis is resubmitted it is accepted and the degree awarded. Regrettably Ron Parish did not resubmit and consequently there is no copy of his thesis in the University of Edinburgh and I know of no copy other than the one in my possession. The thesis has 95 pages of text, 43 tables and 23 figures.

Readers of the CIE will be surprised, amazed even astonished to learn that that outstanding experimental research worker on the Ceratopogonidae, the late Dr J.R. Linley, suffered the same fate when he submitted his Ph.D. thesis to the University of London in the mid 1960’s. John told me the basis of the examiners’ criticisms. And when later I learned the names of the examiners I considered it to be a case of "the pot calling the kettle black’, if that saying is not obsolete. John accepted the rebuff, revised his thesis, resubmitted and the degree was awarded. Later the University of London was pleased to honour him by awarding him its higher doctorate (D.Sc.), awarded on published work. Such setbacks can have either a damaging or challenging effect on a candidate.

It has occurred to me that this thesis might well be of interest to some readers of CIE and I am seeking expressions of interest from individuals who would be prepared to purchase a copy of this work. Modern copying of long documents can be done commercially with, I imagine, cost per copy being inversely related to the number of copies ordered. At this stage I am wanting to find out how many people, if any, would be interested in purchasing a copy personally or through their institution. At this stage an expression of interest is not a commitment. When I know the number of potential purchasers I can explore likely costs and advise those interested.

Professor Doug S. Kettle
P.O. Box 313,
Mt Ommaney,
Qld 4074,
AUSTRALIA
dkettle@acenet.net.au

_______________________________

Contribution from: Art Borkent

I have written a more lengthy webpage on the Ceratopogonidae of Costa Rica which will be of interest to a number of you. The site provides general information on the group and includes a new key to the genera which, for the first time, incorporates all males. The key will work for all of Central America and northern South America (I included genera which may show up in Costa Rica). If any of you have comments, suggestions or criticisms regarding the site, please do not hesitate to contact me. With further input, I will be able to improve the information that is there! Here’s how to get to the site: www.inbio.ac.cr (then click on information services, then on "The Ceratopogonidae of Costa Rica"). Faster access to this site for North American and European users can be found at: http://www.inbio.eas.ualberta.ca/

The Biodiversity project at INBio (Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad) in Costa Rica is progressing well. Annia Picado is a parataxonomist there working full time mounting material on slides and, together with Bill Grogan and Gustavo Spinelli, it is hoped that most of the Costa Rican "purrujas" (that’s Costa Rican for biting midges) will be studied. I am presently working up the Stilobezzia (now up to 54 species and they’re still coming in at a good rate!) and have a paper in press describing the larva and pupa of Schizonyxhelea (in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.). A catalog of the Ceratopogonidae south of United States (with Gustavo Spinelli) has been published in "Contributions on Entomology, International".

I am making good progress on my worldwide study of the immatures of the Ceratopogonidae (at the generic level). The pupae, in particular, are rich in characters and I am confident that I will be able to write a generic key in the near future. In the meantime, if any of you have further material of larvae or pupae, please do send them to me. Some of the genera are represented by only 1 or a few species and having more will certain enhance the generic diagnoses.

I have a paper in press (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.) describing a Stilobezzia pupa from Costa Rica which obtains oxygen from the submerged roots of a floating fern. It is also expected that two papers on Lebanese and New Jersey amber Ceratopogonidae will be published soon, as chapters in a book published by Backhuys Publishers. The paper on Lebanese amber describes 22 species, synthesizes all that we know about fossils in this family and provides a new approach to understanding fossil communities. I also have a manuscript in press (American Museum Novitates), describing two new species of Leptoconops from Lebanese amber; these form the earliest lineage in the genus and are placed in a new subgenus.

I am working with Andy Beckenbach (he is senior author, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia) on a DNA analysis of the major lineages of Ceratopogonidae. We are presently working on a first draft of the paper and hope to submit this year.

I still have published copies of the world catalog available. Also if any of you want an undated version of the catalog on disc, this is available for $20 US.

Dr. Art Borkent
1171 Mallory Road,
R1-S20-C43,
Enderby, BC,
CANADA, V0E 1V0
Telephone (250) 833-0931
FAX (250)832-2146
E-mail aborkent@jetstream.net

______________________________________________________________________________

A Request for Assistance:

I have visited the CIE web pages and I have some questions. I am in a mosquito control district in Spain and I am an active member of the Society for Vector Ecology. Unfortunately in the Balearic Islands (close to the Iberian Peninsula) a recent outbreak of blue tongue in sheep has occurred (Sept./Oct). At present no one to my knowledge in Spain is working on Ceratopogonidae and there is a lack of information.

Do you know of any publications with Ceratopogonidae described from Spain including the vectors of blue tongue here? Any help would be appreciated,

Yours,

Carlos Aranda Pallero
arandapc@diba.es
Servei do Control de Mosquits
Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat
Parc Torreblanca CN 340 s/n
Sant Feliu de Llobregat 08980
SPAIN

CIE Compilation of Recent Literature

Abdellah, M.A., Pollenz, R.S. and K.E. Murphy. 2000. Identification and Characterization of a cDNA Clone Encoding the   Heat Shock Protein (Hsp60) from the Biting Midge, Culicoides variipennis sonorensis Wirth and Jones. Biochemical Genetics, 38 (5 / 6).

Aruni, A.W., Babu, M. and D. Ebenezer. 1999. A report on Blue tongue in Tamil Nadu. The Indian Veterinary Journal. 76 (11).

Bartoloni, A., Cancrini, G. and A. J. Hall . 1999. Mansonella ozzardi infection in Bolivia: prevalence and clinical associations in the Chaco region. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 61 (5).

Beringer, J., Hansen, L. P. and D. E. Stallknecht. 2000. An epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Missouri. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 36 (3).

Bhasin, A., Mordue (Luntz), A.J. and W. Mordue. 2000 Responses of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus to acetone, CO₂ and 1-octen-3-ol in a wind tunnel. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 14 (3).

Bishop, A.L., McKenzie, H.J. and L.J. Spohr. 2000. Moon phase and other factors affecting light-trap catches of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Australian Journal of Entomology. 39 (1).

Boorman, J. and P. Rawlings. 2000. Culicoides clastrieri Callot, Kremer and Deduit (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) new to Britain. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine.
136 (1628 / 1631).

Borkent, Art. 2000. The larva and pupa of Schizonyxhelea forattinii Wirth and Grogan (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) with a discussion of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 102 (4).

Borkent, A. 1998. Ceratopogonidae. pp. 69-70 In The families of Diptera of the Malaya Archipelago by P. Oosterbroek. Fauna Malesiana Handbook 1, xii + 227 pp., Brill, Leiden, Boston, Köln.

Borkent, A. and D.A. Craig (1999). A revision of the Neotropical genus Baeodasymyia Clastrier and Raccurt (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with a discussion of their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3274:1-26.

Borkent, A. and G.R. Spinelli (2000). Catalog of New World Biting Midges South of the United States (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Contributions on Entomology, International 4:1-107.

Clavijo, A., Munroe, F. and K. Roblesky. 2000. Incursion of bluetongue virus into the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 41 (4 ).

Chuang, Y.-Y., Lin, C.-S. and C.-C. Yeh. 2000. Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence of Forcipomyia taiwana (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Nantou Area in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (2).

Cribb, B.W. 2000. Oviposition and Maintenance of Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) townsvillensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Laboratory. Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (3).

Fischer, P., Tukesiga, E. and D. W. Buttner. 1999. Long-Term Suppression of Mansonella streptocerca Microfilariae after Treatment with Ivermectin. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 180 (4).

Gerry, A. C. and Mullens, B. A. 2000. Seasonal Abundance and Survivorship of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at a Southern California Dairy, with Reference to Potential Bluetongue Virus Transmission and Persistence. Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (5).

Hassan, S. S. and P. Roy. 1999. Expression and Functional Characterization of Bluetongue Virus VP2 Protein: Role in Cell Entry. Journal of Virology. 73 (12).

Holbrook, F. R., Tabachnick, W. J. and W. L. Grogan. 2000. Sympatry in the Culicoides variipennis Complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): a Taxonomic Reassessment.
Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (1).

Horscroft, N.J. and P. Roy. 2000. NTP binding and phosphohydrolase activity associated with purified bluetongue virus non-structural protein NS2. Journal of General Virology. 81, p 8.

Isaev, V.A. 1999. Adaptations and Evolution (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ivanovo State University, Ivano. 183 pages.

Isobe, T., Shimizu, S.-Ya and Y. Yokomizo. 2000. Cyclosporin A, but not bursectomy, abolishes the protective immunity of chickens against Leucocytozoon caulleryi. Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 24 (4).

Janardhana, V., Andrew, M.E. and B.E.H. Coupar. 1999. The ovine cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to bluetongue virus. Research in Veterinary Science. 67 (3).

Johnson, D.J., Wilson, W.C. and P.S. Paul. 2000. Validation of a reverse transcriptase multiplex PCR test for the serotype determination of U.S. isolates of bluetongue virus. Veterinary Microbiology. 76 (2).

Kitaoka, S. 2000. Descriptions of five hitherto unknown males of the subgenus Oecacta of the genus Culicoides from Japan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Trans. Essa. Ent. Soc. 82: 45-49.

McKelvie, J., Foster, A. P. and A. S. Hamblin. 1999. Characterisation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the skin and circulation of horses with sweet itch (Culicoides hypersensitivity). Equine Veterinary Journal. 31 (6).

Mecham, J. O. and M. M. Jochim. 2000. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbet assay for the detection of antibody to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 12 (2).

Mullens, B.A., Velten, R.K. and R.G. Endris. 2000. Feeding and survival of Culicoides sonorensis on cattle treated with permethrin or pirimiphos-methyl. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 14 (3).

Mushi, E. Z., Chabo, R. G. and R. T. Ndebele. 1999. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) associated with laying chickens at Sebele, Gabarone, Botswana. World's Poultry Science Journal. 55 (2 ).

Nunamaker, R. A., De Leon, A. A. P. and S. M. Lonning. 2000. Oral Infection of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by Vesicular Stomatitis virus. Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (5).

Raidal, S. R. and S. M. Jaensch. 2000. Central nervous disease and blindness in Nankeen kestrels (Falco cenchroides) due to a novel Leucocytozoon-like infection. Avian Pathology. 29 (1).

Ronderos, M. M. and G.R Spinelli. 2000. The Larva and Pupa of Culicoides bambusicola Lutz Observed with SEM, and Additional Notes on the Adult (Diptera Ceratopogonidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 126 (1).

Ronderos, M. M., Spinelli, G. R. and P. Sarmiento. 2000. Preparation and Mounting of Biting Midges of the Genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to be Observed with a Scanning Electron Microscope. Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 126 (1).

Saeed, M.F., Wang, H. and A.D.T. Barrett . 2000. Nucleotide sequences and phylogeny of the nucleocapsid gene of Oropouche virus. Journal of General Virology. 81, p 3.

Schmidtmann, E.T., Bobian, R.J. and R.P. Belden. 2000. Soil Chemistries Define Aquatic Habitats with Immature Populations of the Culicoides variipennis Complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (1).

Shuttler, D., Ankney, C. D. and A. Mullie. 1999. Effects of the blood parasite Leucocytozoon simondi on growth rates of anatid ducklings. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 77 (10).

Soria, S.J. and D.R. Butler. 1999. Influence of day length and air temperature of flight activity of Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) genualis and F. (Euprojoannisia) spatulifera (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in cacao plantation, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil. Entomologia y Vectores, Rio de Janeiro. 6 (6).

Spinelli, G. R. and W. L. Grogan. 1999. A new species of Macrurohelea Ingram and Macfie, and new records of biting midges of the tribe Culicoidini and Ceratopogonini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Tierra del Fuego and the Magallanes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 101 (4).

Stuart. A.E., Brooks, C.J.W., Prescott, R.J. and A. Blackwell. 2000. Repellent and antifeedant activity of salicylic acid and related compounds against the biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 37 (2).

Venter, G.J., Graham, S.D. and C. Hamblin. 2000. African horse sickness epidemiology: vector competence of South African Culicoides species for virus serotypes 3, 5 and 8. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 14 (3).

Yu, C.Y., Wang, J.-S. and C.C. Yeh. 2000. Culicoides arakawae (Diptera: Certaopogonidae) population succession in relation to leucocytozonosis prevalence on a chicken farm in Taiwan. Veterinary Parasitology. 93 (2).

Zhou, E.-M. 1999. Anti-idiotype technique: an alternative approach for immunodiagnosis of bluetongue. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 72 (1/2).