Greetings and the best to you in this spring season here in the subtropics of Georgia, USA. Wow, the Year 2000, the highly touted first year of this Millennium has progressed reasonably quietly considering all the hype and projections of gloom and doom.
From all reports this year scientists are busy in the traditional realm of our science in identification of species novum, but also many more people are getting more involved in the area of molecular biology. Using genetic probes to fathom the genomes of our favorite ceratopogonid to ascertain details of its evolutionary path of development and to learn of how it may permit diseases to be vectored, or how it functions within the ecological niche the species occupies.
Again thanks for your support of the CIE Web site. The URL for our Ceratopogonidae site is: http://www2.gasou.edu/facstaff/hagan/cie.html
As you know the CIE was begun in 1968 by Dr. John P.T. Boorman (Animal Virus Research Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, UK) as a newsletter to facilitate communication between workers interested in Ceratopogonidae. About 1985, Boorman passed the CIE editorship torch to Dr. John R. Linley (Florida Medical Entomology Research Laboratory, Vero Beach, Florida, USA). John Linley continued as editor until his untimely death in November 1994. In November 1994, I began editorship of the CIE and published a combined issue of November 1994 - May 1995.
Upon completion of this issue of the CIE, I will be passing the torch of editorship on to Dr. Steve Murphree, professor of biology at Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. It has been a pleasure to communicate (by letter, fax, and today even more by e-mail) with you. I appreciate the efforts of John Boorman and John Linley to keep this organ of information going through the past decades.
As the WWW continues to facilitate communication across the globe, a paper version of this Newsletter may become less used. Dr. Murphree and I have talked and he plans to maintain much of the current format of the Newsletter and the Ceratopogonid Web Site. Over the summer we will be migrating the Ceratopogonid web site to the mainframe computer at Belmont University, but I will maintain a link from the present site to the Steve Murphree's site there at Belmont University.
There is no need to resubscribe to the CIE, since I will be passing
on to Steve Murphree all your addresses and CIE info. Its been fun and
its been real. Keep up the great work that you all do in advancing our
science of Ceratopogonidology.
Best regards to ya=ll,
Daniel V. Hagan, Ph.D.
Summary of CIE Contents:
Announcements of Meetings .........................................
2
Address Changes .........................................................
3
Contributions from Cerat. Scientists ..............................
5
Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae .......................... 9
In the future, please send your e-mail updates to: murphrees@mail.belmont.edu _______________________________________________________________________
North American Dipterists= Society - 2001 Meeting
Plans continue for the Spring/Summer 2001 NADS meeting. A number of sites have been reviewed, but at the ESA-NADS winter meeting in Atlanta, GA, a site in SouthWest USA on the Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico borders is still leading in the competition.
There will be more info in an upcoming e-mail on suggested sites
for the Spring/Summer 2001 NADS meeting. For more information you may send
an e-mail to Dr. Frank E. French at: French@gsvms2.cc.gasou.edu
_________________________________________________________
BITING FLY WORKSHOP, BFW-2000
The 17-20 July 2000, Biting Fly Workshop will be held in Craigville, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Jeff Freeman (Castleton State College, Vermont) is planning a great meeting, any who attend will be pleased with the accommodations and camaraderie.
Dr. Jeffrey V. Freeman
email: freemanj@juno.com
P.O. Box 125
Castleton, Vermont 05735 USA
_______________________________________________________________
Address of new editor of the Ceratopogonid Information Exchange, CIE Newsletter effective 1 June 2000.
Dr. Steve Murphree
e-mail: murphrees@mail.belmont.edu
Department of Biology
Phone: 615-460-6221
Belmont University
Fax: 615-460-5458
1900 Belmont Boulevard
Nashville, TN 37212-3757
USA
Dr. Alison Blackwell
e-mail: ablackwell@vet.ed.ac.uk
Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine
Phone: +44 131 650 8816
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies
Fax: +44 131 445 5099
University of Edinburgh
Easter Bush Veterinary Centre
Roslin, Midlothian
EH25 9RG Scotland
Mr. Tommy W. Bowen
e-mail: twbowen@duke-energy.com
Environmental Center, MG03A3
Phone: (704) 875-5422
Duke Power Company
13339 Hagers Ferry Road
Huntersville, NC 28078
USA
Mr. Greg Crisp
e-mail: gregc@herveybay.qld.gov.au
Exec. Mgr Environment & Health Services
Hervey Bay City Council
Phone: (07) 4125-0223
PO Box 5045
Fax (07) 4125-0296
Hervey Bay QLD 4655
AUSTRALIA
Dr. Stephen L. Dobson
e-mail: sdobson@pop.uky.edu
Department of Entomology
University of Kentucky
Lexington KY 40546
USA
Dr. Maria Luiza Felippe-Bauer
e-mail: mlfbauer@gene.dbbm.fiocruz.br
Instituto de Oswaldo Cruz
Phone: 021-5984342
Departamento de Entomologia
Fax: 021-2909339
Av. Brasil 4365
21045-900 Rio de Janerio
RJ, BRASIL
Dr. Chris Paradise
e-mail: cjparadi@kings.edu
Dept. of Biology
Phone: 717-208-5900 ext. 5799
King's College
Wilkes-Barre, PA 18702 USA
Dr. Errol M. Nevill
e-mail: erroln@moon.ovi.ac.za
Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute
Phone: 27-12-5299190
P.O. Box 12517
Fax: 27-12-5299180
Onderstepoort, 0110
REPUBLIC of SOUTH AFRICA
Dr. Martin Shivas
e-mail: martin.shivas@nt.gov.au
Medical Entomology Branch
Territory Health Services
P.O. Box 40596
CASUARINA NT 0811
AUSTRALIA
Dr. Ryszard Szadziewski
e-mail: szadz@ocean.univ.gda.pl
Uniwersyret Gdanski
GDYNIA ul Czologistow 46
87-100 POLAND
Sr. Manuel Zumbado
e-mail: mzumbado@inbio.ac.cr
Curador de Diptera
Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (InBio)
A.P. 22-3100
Santo Domingo de Heredia
COSTA RICA
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Contribution from: Mark S. Breidenbaugh:
Please include this reference in the next issue of CIE?
Breidenbaugh, M. S., and B. A. Mullens.
Descriptions of immature stages of six Culicoides
Latreille spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from desert mountain ranges in
southern California, with notes on life histories and rearing techniques.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 839-867.
Mark Breidenbaugh
Phone: 330-609-1965
Entomologist
DSN 346-1965
Youngstown Air Reserve Station
Fax: 330-609-1616
3976 King Graves Road Unit 32
mbreidenbaugh@yng.afres.af.mil
Vienna OH 44473-5932
http://wwwmil.acc.af.mil/ce/ceo/ceoo/AERIALSPRAY/index.htm
_________________________________________________________________________________
Contribution from D.S. Kettle:
Below is a note on my association with J.W.S. Macfie, author of many species of ceratopogonids. In 1941 and 1942 I was on the same small specialist unit, No.3 Malaria Field Laboratory, as Macfie. I offer it to you for inclusion in the forthcoming Ceratopogonidae Information Exchange.
J.W.S. Macfie M.A., D.Sc. M.B. Ch. B
When I was recently examining a Ph.D. thesis on Culicoides, I noted with interest that the number of the species cited had been originally described by Macfie, and it occurred to me that I was probably the only living Ceratopogonidist who had actually known and worked with Macfie. Since he died in 1949 no one under the age of 65 will have had the opportunity to have worked with him, and I thought it might be of interest to record my impressions of Macfie.
In January 1940 I joined the Royal Army Medical Corps of the British Army. Like all new recruits I was interviewed by a Lieutenant Colonel Davies, the training officer. He said that I was the first University graduate that he had had before him. The problem was what to do with the graduate in zoology and botany in wartime. He recommended that I be trained as a medical laboratory technician and that he would keep my qualifications in mind. I didn't think anything further about his comment but indeed Colonel Davies did remember me and in January 1941 I was posted to No 3 Malaria Field Laboratory, which was being formed at the Army School of Hygiene in Mytchett.
I left the pathology laboratory at the Connaught Hospital in Farnborough as a third class laboratory technician with the rank of Private soldier. At Mytchett I was transformed into a Corporal and first class laboratory technician. Malaria Field Laboratories were highly specialised units charged with the task of advising the High Command on the risks from malaria if troops had to operate in particular areas under the Army's command. The lesson of the first World War had been well learned. During that war a whole army in the Middle East was unable to operate because too many of its soldiers were suffering from malaria.
A Malaria Field Laboratory consisted of four medical specialists, a Lieutenant Colonel in charge and three Majors, one of whom was a Medical Entomologist. The other ranks i.e. non-commissioned personnel, were four lab assistants (staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal, and private) two drivers and two batmen). At Mytchett there was a full complement of other ranks but only two commissioned officers, Major J.W.S. Macfie and Lieutenant W.H.R. Lumsden. Lumsden was the Medical Entomologist and Macfie the Malariologist.
Macfie was a tall, slim, almost cadaverous individual who could never get warm and wore his British Army's Officer's great coat both indoors and outdoors. Macfie had falsified his age in order to be accepted into the British Army. He was a very shy, retiring, private individual and perhaps that's why I have been unable to find an obituary for him. I think that Macfie was born about 1880, which would have made him 61 when he joined the British Army. It was part of the Unit's gossip that Macfie's name had originally been McFie and that he had changed this by deed poll to the simpler Macfie. This would be in keeping with his unassuming manner.
The Army School of Hygiene was a major unit in the RAMC and given to keeping up formalities. As a Major, Macfie was a staff officer and therefore to be saluted at all times. That was not Macfie's style. When he saw a squad approaching him with the enthusiastic Sergeant in charge all ready to give the command "eyes right@ and salute him, Macfie would panic and either turn round and move off as fast as he could or better still, if the opportunity was there, dive into shelter. If in the course of my duties I felt obliged to salute Macfie in the confines of the unit=s quarters he would be most upset shaking his hands from side to side and saying "Don't do that to me." He was an old style "gentleman." In the same way, he refused to censor other ranks letters. They had the privilege of one "green envelope" per week which was not censored. Other correspondence had to be censored by an officer. When Macfie was given an unsealed letter for censoring he would ask whether it contained any censurable information. When the reply was no, he would take your word, as a gentleman, and endorse it as censored. Lumsden was more realistic, and would read and censor correspondence.
On March 19th, 1941, the unit, all ten of them (eight other ranks and two officers) embarked on the S.S. Orontes at Avonmouth docks near Bristol in southwest England. We sailed up the Irish Sea to the Firth of Clyde where Lumsden, a graduate of the University of Glasgow, was able to point out the snow-capped peak of Ben Lomond. The Orontes then joined a large convoy, said to be at that time the largest convoy to go to the Middle East. It had eighty thousand troops. At that time the German pocket battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were known to be out in the North Atlantic, so the convoy was well protected, with a screen of destroyers, and the battleship Nelson in the middle of the convoy.
For safety, the convoy sailed west across the Atlantic almost reaching America before steaming east to West Africa. The Orontes arrived in Freetown Bay, Sierra Leone. Freetown had been the centre of Macfie's working life, which he had spent at the Field Station operated by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He was the only individual allowed to go onshore. The colour of the soil was so distinctive that I mentioned it in a letter, without realising that this gave away where we were, Sierra Leone (the lion-coloured hills), so Lumsden struck it out.
By then the destroyers had departed. We were considered to be in safer water, and continued south with half the convoy going into Capetown, the other half, which included the Orontes, into Durban, where we were entertained generously during our three day stay. We then continued up the east coast of Africa, arriving in Suez Bay on May 10th, almost two months after embarking at Avonmouth. The ocean liners, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth, which had been bringing troops from New Zealand and Australia, were at anchor.
The unit was accommodated in the British Army Camp of Moascar in the Suez Canal Zone. Here we awaited the arrival of the officer commanding and another malariologist to bring the unit up to full strength. I have etched on my memory a picture of Macfie going round the windows of our working accommodation with a small killing tube in his hand collecting small insects. If I had known then that I was to spend a great part of my life working with ceratopogonids I would have taken a great deal more interest in what Macfie was doing.
Three months later the unit was moved across the Sinai Desert to Sarafand, a British Army camp between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. I was Macfie's field assistant on a survey from Sarafand to Damascus. On the way, Macfie insisted that we visited Nazareth which was only a short distance off our route. At the time I thought that we should have continued and that we'd get another opportunity. Of course, Macfie was right, there was no other opportunity. It was see Nazareth now or forget it.
On the way back we diverted closer to the coast to visit the ancient Syrian city of Baalbek, known to the Greeks as Heliopilis and today noted for its magnificent ruins of Roman temples. On the way to Damascus we had good views of Mt Herman (9,300 ft = 2814 m above sea level). Mt Herman is the source of the Jordan which flows from Herman through the Hula Marshes into the sea of Galilee and from there down the Jordan valley to discharge into the Dead Sea. It was a very memorable trip, but age was catching up with Macfie, and in January 1942, a year after he had enlisted in the British Army, he was gently retired and returned to the UK. His spirit was very willing, but his body was weak.
During the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (= Ethiopia) in 1935-36, Macfie, who had by then retired from West Africa, volunteered to serve with the Friends= (Quakers) Field Ambulance to assist Ethiopian casualties from the much more heavily armed Italians. This was quite a brave and bold move for a man who must have been in his mid-fifties. To escape the Italian bombing they sheltered in caves, and I wondered whether Macfie had acquired relapsing fever. Such caves are the habitat of soft-ticks of the genus Ornithodoros, the vectors of relapsing fevers (Borrelia species).
Macfie didn't always work on ceratopogonids. His first publication in 1913 dealt with the distribution of tsetse flies (Glossina) in northern Nigeria. Then he came under the influence of Carter, who had published on mosquitoes and tabanids and then in 1916 started on ceratopogonids. These studies were taken up by Ingram and Macfie leading to four substantial papers on the Ceratopogonidae of the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Descriptions of new species totalled more than a hundred pages in the Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology in 1920-21. I assume that Carter retired and Ingram and Macfie produced seven papers on the Ceratopogoninae from 1921-1925, when I take it, Ingram also retired. From 1924 until his death in 1949 Macfie produced 19 papers on the Ceratopogonidae. Those are the publications that I've been able to check but there could well be others which have escaped my attention.
Macfie's private collection was donated to the British Museum, Department of Entomology, where it was readily available during my visit to the Diptera section in the 1950's. Today access to the collection, if it still exists, must be made more formally.
Best wishes,
April 5, 2000
D.S. Kettle
Professor Doug S. Kettle
e-mail: DougKettle@bigpond.com
Department of Entomology
University of Queensland
St. Lucia, Brisbane 4067 Queensland
AUSTRALIA
_________________________________________________________________________________
Contribution from María Marcela Ronderos:
via: "Coscaron Sixto" <sixtoco@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar>
Subject: Inscripcion
A monograph by María Marcela Ronderos, entitled:
Dipteros hematofagos de Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides Latreille, Leptoconops Skuse y Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) Meigen. Tema: Sistemática, taxonomía y biología.
Prof. María Marcela Ronderos
e-mail: aiello@netverk.com.ar
Departamento de Entomologia
Fac. de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de La Plata
Paseo del Bosque
s/n 1900 La Plata
Buenos Aires, Argentina
_______________________________________________________________________
Contribution from: John A. Winder:
Below is a brief summary of my work on cocoa pollination for the May 2000 edition of the CIE.
CERATOPOGONID RESEARCH IN COCOA IN BRAZIL
The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae), whose centre of origin is the upper Amazon, was for many years thought to be wind-pollinated. Later, such insects as aphids, ants and thrips were also postulated as possible pollinating agents. It was only as recently as the 1940=s that Billes, working in Trinidad, discovered that adult flies of the genus Forcipomyia were the main pollinators.
They had been missed by previous observers for several reasons:
- Forcipomyia are relatively uncommon in cocoa flowers since usually less than 5% of flowers are pollinated, and pollination is a limiting factor of production in some areas,
- being so small they are easily missed and leave flowers as soon as they are disturbed ,
- realtively few entomologists work on cocoa and even fewer on its pollination. A researcher publishes his results for a few years and then moves on to other areas.
Although Forcipomyia is thought to be the main cocoa pollinator, there is some disagreement. Other Diptera (eg. drosophilids, cecidomyiids) as well as different insect orders (ants, thrips, psyllids, halictid bees etc), have also been championed as important pollinators in some regions.
Of the almost 50 different species of ceratopogonids observed pollinating cocoa worldwide, only 13% come from genera other than Forcipomyia (Atrichopogon, Dasyhelea, Culicoides and Stilobezzia). Of the remaining 87% of the genus Forcipomyia: 42% of these are from the subgenus Euprojoannisia,, 17% Forcipomyia, 12% Thyridomyia, 10% Warmkea, 8% each, Microhelea and Lasiohelea, and 3% Pedilohelea. Many ceratopogonid and other microdiptera species found in cocoa flowers seem to be only visiting or resting without any pollinating action. Although pollinating ability has been assumed by caging adults on branches with open flowers, field observation followed by collection is the best way to demonstrate pollinating ability which is predominantly an adult female activity.
Wherever cocoa has been introduced, local ceratopogonid species seem to have taken up the role as pollinators. What attracts the adult ceratopogonids to the flowers is still uncertain, since cocoa flowers produce no nectar as such, although there are glandular trichomes on the petals and staminodes producing oils.
Breeding sites for pollinating Forcipomyia are still poorly known but include, cocoa leaf litter, rotting cocoa pods, banana stems and leaves, tree rot holes, tree stumps and epiphytic bromeliads.
M. & M. MARS, initiated a field project on their Almirante cocoa farm, near Itabuna, Bahia State, North-East Brazil, in the late 1980s. The ceratopogonid species composition of different breeding sites, especially leaf litter, was measured using emergence traps and flies visiting and pollinating cocoa flowers were also collected. The field activities ran for almost 7 years and the results are being analysed. Bill Wirth identified the majority of the collections, and later, when Bill was too ill to carry on, Gustavo Spinelli finished the identifications.
Some important questions still remain to be answered with respect to cocoa pollination:
- what is the real importance of each insect species in each area ?
- why are some trees apparently more attractive to Forcipomyia pollinators resulting in more set ?
- how is wild cocoa pollinated ?
- would large scale breeding of Forcipomyia result in more effective pollinations, fruit set and production ?
- can cultural conditions in cocoa plantations be manipulated to increase pollination ?
A quite substantial bibliography on cocoa and cocoa pollination has accumulated over the years and this can be consulted at the following site: http://www.agro.wau.nl/agro/research/pps-pr05.htm
If anyone is interested in any particular aspect of cocoa polliantion I would be happy to help.
Also, if anyone has any suggestions or recommendations, then please contact me.
Dr. John A. Winder
e-mail: winderja@dglnet.com.br
Caixa Postal 81, Sousas,
CAMPINAS, SP
13106-970 BRASIL
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
CIE Compilation of Recent Literature
Anderson, DJ and B Vondracek. 1999. Insects as indicators of land use in three ecoregions in the prairie pothole region. Wetlands, 3(19): 648-664.
Baker, AS. 1999. Two new species of larval mites (Acari: Trombidioidea: Microtrombidiidae and Johnstonianidae) parasitising Culicoides impunctatus, the highland midge (Insecta: Ceratopogonidae), in Scotland. Systematic Parasitology, 1(44): 37-47.
Bhasin, A, AJ Mordue, and W Mordue. 2000. Electrophysiological and behavioural identification of host kairomones as olfactory cues for Culicoides impunctatus and C. nubeculosus. Physiological Entomology, 1(25): 6-16.
Blackwell, A, KA Lock, B Marshall, B Boag, and SC Gordon. 1999. The spatial distribution of larvae of Culicoides impunctatus biting midges. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4(13): 362-371.
Braverman, Y, A Chizov-Ginzburg, and BA Mullens. 1999. Mosquito Repellent Attracts Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 1(36): 113-115.
Breidenbaugh, M. S., and B. A. Mullens. 2000. Descriptions of immature stages of six Culicoides Latreille spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from desert mountain ranges in southern California, with notes on life histories and rearing techniques. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 839-867.
Fu, H, CJ Leake, PP Mertens, and PS Mellor. 1999. The barriers to bluetongue virus infection, dissemination and transmission in the vector, Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Archives of Virology, 4(144): 747-761.
Fritz, KM, WK Dodds, and J Pontius. 1999. The Effects of Bison Crossings on the Macroinvertebrate Community in a Tallgrass Prairie Stream. American Midland Naturalist.
Glukhova, VM and Y Braverman. 1999. Review of the Palearctic Desert Biting Midges Culicoides langeroni Group, with a Description of a New Species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 3(36): 309-312.
Jones, CJ, SA Isard, and MR Cortinas. 1999. Dispersal of Synanthropic Diptera: Lessons from the Past and Technology for the Future. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 6(92): 829-839.
Kline, DL and RC Axtell. 1999. Sensilla of the Antennae and Maxillary Palps of Culicoides hollensis and C. melleus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 4(36): 493-502.
King, RS and JC Brazner. 1999. Coastal wetland insect communities along a trophic gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Wetlands, 2(19): 426-437.
Marino, PI, and GR Spinelli. 1999. The Species Groups of the Subgenus Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) in the Neotropics, with a Description of a New Species of the Genualis Group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Transactions-American Entomological Society, 4(125): 445-452.
Marino, PI and GR Spinelli. 1999. The subgenus Forcipomyia (Metaforcipomyia) in Argentina (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 86: 3-8.
Mullens, BA, RK Velten, and BA Federici. 1999. Iridescent Virus Infection in Culicoides variipennis sonorensis and Interactions with the Mermithid Parasite Heleidomermis magnapapula Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2(73): 231-233.
Mushi, EZ, RG Chabo, JFW Isa, MG Binta, RW Kapaata, and T Bathuseng. 1999. Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Associated with Farmed Ostriches (Struthio camelus) in Botswana.Veterinary Research Communications, 3(23): 183-186.
Nunamaker, RA, SE Brown, and DL Knudson. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Landmarks for Chromosomes of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Journal of Medical Entomology, 2(36): 171-175.
Nunamaker, RA, SE Brown, LE Mcholland, WJ Tabachnick, and DL Knudson.1999. First-Generation Physical Map of the Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Genome. Journal of Medical Entomology, 6(36): 771-775.
Perez-Gelabert, DE, and WL Grogan. 1999. Forcipomyia (Microhelea) tettigonaris (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) parasitizing katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in the Dominican Republic. Entomological News, 5(110): 311-314.
Poepperl, R. 1999. Emergence Pattern of Diptera in Various Sections of a Northern German Lowland Stream. Limnologica. Jena, 2(29):128-136.
Ronderos, MM and GR Spinelli. 1999. On the Subgenus Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) in the Neotropical Region (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 1-2(125): 151-161.
Stewart, RG and DL Kline. 1999. Sugar Feeding by Culicoides mississippiensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on the Yaupon Holly, Ilex vomitoria. Journal of Medical Entomology, 3(36): 268-271.
Stuart, AE, CJ Brooks, RJ Prescott, and A Blackwell. 2000. Repellent and Antifeedant Activity of Salicylic Acid and Related Compounds Against the Biting Midge, Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 2(37): 222-227.
Venter, GJ, DM Groenewald, JT Paweska, EH Venter, and PG Howell. 1999. Vector competence of selected South African Culicoides species for the Bryanston serotype of equine encephalosis virus (EEV). Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 4(13): 393-400.
Yi-Yuan, C, L Cheng-Shing, W Cheng-Hsung, and Y Chin-Chang. 2000. Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence of Forcipomyia taiwana (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Nantou Area in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Entomology, 2(37): 205-209.