Greetings. The year of 1997 was particularly productive from our review of the literature on Ceratopogonidae, and notes from other scientists.

    I would like to encourage as many of you as can to participate and to submit papers to the Ceratopogonidae Workshop at the 4^th International Congress of Dipterology, to be held at Oxford University, England in September 1998. Please begin making plans to attend now.

    The Entomological Society of America, Section D, Medical-Veterinary Entomology at the annual meeting was the site of a notable Culicoides symposium in Nashville, Tenn., December 1997. Brad Mullens organized the symposium entitled Culicoides as Vectors and Pests: Gearing up for Management in the 21st Century. (You may see the agenda in this issue of the CIE).

    I have received research updates from a number of scientists for this issue. Appreciate the excellent participation by all contributors. I encourage each of you to continue your efforts to communicate via the CIE.

    As we continue to use the communication power of the Internet, we may be able to correspond more via e-mail. A listing of your e-mail addresses is enclosed and will be updated in a future issues of the CIE. Please let me know of your activities in your Ceratopogonid work for the next CIE issue due out in May.

    If there are additional things you might find beneficial to include in the CIE please send me an e-mail, letter or fax and I'll try and include them.

                                                                                              Thanks,
                                                                                              Daniel V. Hagan, Ph.D.

Summary of CIE Contents:
Announcements .................................................... 2
Contributions from Cerat. Scientists ...................... 4
Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae .................. 8

For CIE Participants, please send me your e-mail address to dhagan@GaSoU.edu As a service to you, we pass on a listing of addresses for individuals active in Ceratopogonidae work.  See the Directory of Ceratopogonid workers on the CIE Web Page.

    The scientific program will include plenary sessions, sections, workshops and poster sessions. The general areas of interest are: Morphology, physiology and ultrastructure; Medical, veterinary and forensic Diptera; Agricultural Diptera; Behavior and ecology; Biodiversity and conservation; Advances in systematics; Cytology and genetics; Control; and Collections and databases.

Sections will be organized according to the level of interest in individual topics. Taxon-based workshops will be arranged as in previous Congresses, based on the interests expressed by delegates. There will be a Ceratopogonidae Section.

Correspondence If you are interested in participating in the Congress, please register your interest by writing or sending an e-mail to the Congress administrator, Oxford International.

Letters of invitation On request, the secretariat of the Congress will send a personal invitation for participation in the Congress. It should be understood that such an invitation is only meant to help visitors raise travel funds or to obtain a visa, and is not a commitment on the part of the organizers to provide financial support.

Accommodations in Keble College, where a range of student study-bedrooms is available. In addition, there are several good hotels nearby.

Meetings Plenary sessions and an informal reception will be held in the Oxford University Museum, and the opening reception will be in Oxford Town Hall.

Social program The historic city of Oxford and its surroundings has much to offer the visitor. Many buildings date back to the 12^th and 13^th centuries. A guided walking tour of Oxford, the colleges and museums, a visit to Blenheim Palace, a day trip to Stratford upon Avon with a performance by the Royal Shakespeare Company are among the social events on offer to Congress delegates. Other pre- or post-Congress visits and tours can be arranged.

Field and laboratory visits In addition to the social program, a number of field trips will be on offer, in the Oxford area or further afield. Liaison for visits to museums, research institutes and other academic or professional organizations can be arranged.

Costs Provisional costs are as follows: The registration fee will be in the order of GBP190. The cost of accommodation for six nights in Keble College (bed, breakfast, lunch) will be from GBP 222-252, with dinner also available in Keble at GBP13 each night. Hotel accommodation for six nights will be from GBP600-720 per person, bed & breakfast.

Addresses for correspondence:

Chairman: Dr R. P. Lane, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. Phone: +44 171 938 9474; Fax: +44 171 938 8937; Email: r.lane@nhm.ac.uk

Congress Administration: Catherine Hughes, ICD4, Oxford International, Summertown Pavilion, Middle Way, Oxford OX2 7LG, UK. Phone: +44 1865 511550; Fax: +44 1865 511570; Email: 101475.1765@compuserve.com

The Congress URL (address) for those have access to the World-Wide Web is:
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/diptcong.html

There will be a Ceratopogonidae Section at the 4^th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF DIPTEROLOGY. The Organizers of the Ceratopogonidae Section are Alison Blackwell (UK) and Daniel V. Hagan (USA). If you have suggestions and are interested in participating please give send one of us an e-mail or regular mail. See Alison's and DVH's e-mail address on page 1.

    The 1998 Biting Fly Workshop will be held June 12-15, 1998, hosted by the Department of Biology of Georgia Southern University (Drs. Sturgis McKeever, Frank French and Dan Hagan) at Blackwater Falls State Park Lodge, Davis, West Virginia. The Lodge is 73 miles from Morgantown, WV and 103 miles from Cumberland, Maryland. U.S. Air has commuter flights from Pittsburgh, PA to both cities. The lodge is located on the east rim of Blackwater Canyon and has a large dining room (seats 200+), a large reading room, a game room with TV, a discussion room and a conference room. Lodge rooms have two beds - either two doubles or a double and single. Rooms are $68.67/night and $62.00/night for those age 60+ years, for two adults/room. There are a few cabins reasonably near the lodge that rent by the week - Monday to Monday. Rates for a two-person cabin are $462.00/week or are $416.00 for those age 60+ years. Four-person cabins are $504.00 week or are $453.00/week for those age 60+ years. Tax is already included in prices stated.

    Participants are urged to make reservations soon. In order to confirm a room, you will need to call and make your own reservation. You may want to request a room on the canyon side of the lodge for the view; if feasible your request will be honored. Please be sure to state that you are participating in the Biting Fly Workshop. You should indicate the number of guests and a smoking or non-smoking preference. The clerk will ask for two nights rental in advance. The Address of the Lodge and point of contact:

Lois Reed, Lodge Manager
Blackwater Falls State Park
Davis, West Virginia 26260
Phone: 304-259-5216

Please plan to arrive the afternoon or evening of June 12, 1998.

    The Park has 1,688 acres, and except for the canyon is relatively flat. Most of the area is covered with deciduous forest with some red spruce. There is a small lake surrounded by several acres of grassy vegetation and there is a small grassy area near the lodge. There are numerous trails from the Lodge leading to magnificent venues.

    The main collecting area will be at Canaan Valley Resort Park, which has 6,015 acres and is 10 miles from Blackwater Lodge. Canaan has extensive meadows, stream bottoms, marshes, deciduous forest, red spruce forests and beaver impoundments. Deer are abundant and provide plentiful food source for biting flies. There is an 18-hole golf course with a clubhouse where lunch is served-quickly. Collecting permits are required at both Blackwater and Canaan and will be obtained for all registered participants.

    Another collecting site is Dolly Sods, a large grassy area on top of the mountain which forms the Allegheny Front. In addition to the grassy area there is an extensive area (1,000+ acres) of heaths and sphagnum bogs surrounded by deciduous and red spruce. The area (controlled by the U.S. Forest Service) is accessible by a gravel road which leads from the paved road between Blackwater and Canaan.

    Evening temperatures of Blackwater may be cool, so you should bring appropriate clothing. Also, highways leading to Blackwater from the east cross a high mountain and are infrequently subject to dense fog after sundown.

    Participants are urged to register, as soon as possible. We look forward to seeing you at Blackwater.

For additional info: Dr. Sturgis McKeever
Department of Biology
Georgia Southern University
Statesboro, GA 30460-8042 USA
Telephone Office: 912-681-5591
Home: 912-681-2344
FAX: 912-681-0845

For additional information you may send e-mail to: dhagan@GaSoU.edu

    I organized a Culicoides symposium at the ESA meeting in Nashville, December 1997, at the request of Marc Klowden, Section D Chair. The speakers were as follows:

Culicoides as Vectors and Pests:
Gearing up for Management in the 21st Century.

Dr. Alison Blackwell, UK         The ecophysiology of the Scottish
Dept. of Biol. Sci.              biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus
Univ. of Dundee
Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK

Dr. Gail Anderson                 Culicoides and allergic
Dept. of Biol. Sci.                 dermatitis in horses
Simon Fraser Univ.
Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6
Canada

Dr. Edward Schmidtmann             The Culicoides variipennis
USDA-ARS, ABADRL                   complex: implications of
P.O. Box 3965, Univ. Sta.          systematics and geographic
Laramie, WY 82071                  distribution

Dr. Walter Tabachnick             Mechanisms of arbovirus-vector
USDA-ARS, ABADRL                   interactions as illustrated by
P.O. Box 3965, Univ. Sta.        Culicoides and the bluetongue
Laramie, WY 82071                 viruses

Dr. David Stallknecht            Culicoides and the epidemiology of
College of Vet. Medicine           hemorrhagic disease in Southeastern
Univ. of Georgia                     white-tailed deer populations
Athens, GA 30602

Mr. Alec Gerry                     Vector capacity of Culicoides
Dept. of Entomol.                 variipennis sonorensis in southern
Univ. of Calif.                     California and its relationship to
Riverside, CA 92521                 bluetongue transmission in a dairy
                                    cattle herd.

Dr. Bradley Mullens                 Progress toward biological control
Dept. of Entomol.                   of Culicoides: options and tactics
Univ. of Calif.                     for pest and disease suppression
Riverside, CA 92521

Wayne Kramer is organizing another Culicoides symposium for the AMCA meeting in Reno in March, but he likely will send the particulars on it. As far as other news goes, there is not a whole lot, but here it is.

1) Yehuda Braverman (Kimron Veterinary Institute, Israel) is here on sabbatical leave working on potential repellents and attractants for Culicoides variipennis sonorensis(Aug.-Nov. 1997), and it has been fun
working with him.

2) It also was fun to host a visiting veterinary student from Edinburgh, Scotland (Mary Wegis), who was looking at potential attractants for C.v. sonorensis.

3) We are currently completing a comprehensive 3 year bluetongue epidemiology study on a local dairy which has focused on vector capacity of C. v. sonorensis. Alec Gerry currently is deployed in the Army Reserves,
but will return in January and begin the data analysis on this for his Ph.D.

4) Mark Breidenbaugh completed his M.S. last spring on desert Culicoides.  We soon should submit complete descriptions (eggs, larvae, pupae, adults) of two new species which are common here. He also described the immatures of several species formerly known only as adults and gathered biological information on them.

5) Four Culicoides papers should be out soon in the J. Med. Entomol. (lizard feeding by Leptoconops on desert sand dunes, attraction of male C. v. sonorensis to CO2 and hosts, comparison of cattle and carbon dioxide for
collecting C.v. sonorensis, and improved rearing techniques for the mermithid nematode Heleidomermis magnapapula). Another mermithid paper on host age, field distribution, and assessing host impact of the mermithid should be out soon in Biological Control.

I continue my work on subfamily Dasyheleinae. My recent publications:

Brodskaya N.K. 1996. A new species of biting midge of the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Kirghizstan. Int. J. Dipterol. Res. 7(3): 193-196.

Glukhova V.M., Brodskaya N.K. 1997. Description of a new species of non-blood-sucking biting midge of the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Karelia. Entom. Obozr. 76(2): 443-447. The species are described from adults, pupae and larvae.

In my nearest plans are to begin to work on family Ceratopogonidae of the North-West of Russia. The imaginal and preimaginal stages will be described, keyed and illustrated.

    I deal with the genus Arichopogon from the territory of Slovakia. There were identified some species of Meloehelea and Atrichopogon s. str. subgenera in material collected during 1996 and 1997. However, I have found a few interesting specimens close to A. lucorum and A. winnertzi (A. meloesugans). I would like to contact anyone with experience and interested in this group, and who has comparative material of this genus. I look forward to cooperation.

    I am currently in my final year of Ph.D. at Aberdeen, where I am working as part of both the Scottish Biting Midge Group and the NERC Ecology and Molecular Genetics Unit, with my supervisors Dr. Jenny Mordue and Dr. John Dallas. The aim of my study is to characterise the status of Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Europe. Culicoides imicola is the major old world vector of both Blue Tongue (BT) and African Horse Sickness (AHS) viruses, which cause devastating, often lethal diseases of domestic ruminants and equines. Culicoides imicola is principally an Afro-Asiatic species, which consequently prefers milder conditions than those traditionally found in Europe. However, possibly in response to recent moderations of the climate, this species has recently been recorded in Spain, Portugal, Greece. Turkey, Cyprus and Israel, resulting in epidemics such as the outbreak of AHS in Iberia in 1987-9. As well as the threat of disease, the encroachment of viraemic Culicoides imicola into southern Europe from the Afro-tropical zones, may bridge the geographical and climatic barriers of the Mediterranean, allowing the potential for vector capacity in common farmyard species, such as C. pulicaris and C. obsoletus, to transmit AHSV and BTV in Europe.

    Culicoides imicola is believed to be a species complex in South Africa, comprising of morphologically similar individuals, which may be of vastly differing vector capacities, as has been shown for other species complexes such as Culicoides variipennis (the major BTV vector in the Americas), Anopheles maculipennis and Anopheles dirus. In order to restrict any disease outbreaks, produce risk assessment profiles and to prevent the long term establishment of these viruses in mainland Europe, detailed knowledge of the vectors involved is required. In this Ph.D. study, we are using both classical taxonomic morphometrics and phylogenetic molecular techniques including PCR and direct nucleotide sequencing to establish whether C. imicola is present in Europe as a single inter-breeding unit, or as a species complex, using field collected samples from Israel (courtesy of Dr Yehuda Braverman, Israel) and midges collected in conjunction with Dr Lola Ortega (Spain) and Prof. Vitor Caiero (Portugal). Phylogenetic data from European populations will ultimately be compared with C. imicola from South Africa. This project is complimentary to a simultaneous EU project to Dr. Phillip Mellor, investigating the Culicoides imicola species complex in South Africa.

    A world catalog of the Ceratopogonidae has been recently published as follows: Borkent, A. and W.W. Wirth. 1997. World Species of Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 233, 257 pp.

    A checklist of all available names is provided, including author, date of publication, page number of original description and country or territory of the type locality. All validly named taxa described until December 1995 are included, with many of those named in 1996 and some in 1997 also incorporated. The catalog provides a bibliography of all cited references and is fully indexed.
    Newly discovered homonymy generated 24 newly proposed species names. Seven new synonymys of species and one new generic synonym are proposed and two species have new status. Twenty-four new combinations are recognized. One species is transferred to the Chironomidae. A number of further nomenclatural changes and problems are discussed in detail.
    Guides are provided for the location of type material of Ceratopogonidae. The number of species in each genus, both extant and fossil, is also provided; as such, there are 5155 valid extant species names and 205 fossil, for a total of 5360 named Ceratopogonidae.
    If you have not received a copy, please write for a reprint. In addition, I have an updated version of the catalog on computer disc (written in WordPerfect) available for $20 US (to cover costs and something extra for this poor independent systematist!)

    I chair the International Affairs Committee of the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA), and edit the World Directory of Arthropod Vector Research and Control Specialists. The Directory welcomes everyone to complete the information form (no cost) and return it to the address on the form. See the form at the end of CIE Newsletter. Thanks.

    Bishop Museum and Hawaii Biological Survey are pleased to announce the following recent entomological additions to our World Wide Web site:

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR HAWAIIAN ARTHROPODS

    The Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Bibliography is now available for use
at: http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/HBS/hibib/arthbib.html.

This bibliography lists 8086 titles of works that cite Hawaiian Islands terrestrial arthropod species. The bibliography supports the Hawaiian Terrestrial Arthropod Checklist and includes references with original
descriptions for alien species resident in Hawaii and attempts to include references from the "gray" literature.

TRACKING ORPHAN COLLECTIONS

    The NSF sponsored ICAL-Entomology site for orphaned entomological collections is now available on the web at:
http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/ical/.

This site has a straightforward simple form to fill out for listing orphan collections and their attributes or for promoting underutilized collections. The intent of the site is to provide a tool to track orphan collections and to make their contents more widely known and utilized.

    This ICAL site is oriented to arthropods, including terrestrial, marine and fossil collections. Other sites available in the ICAL network are ICAL-Paleontology at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ICAL/
ICAL-Botany at http://aabga.mobot.org/ical/
ICAL-Invertebrates at http://fmnh.org/ICAL/

INSECT ECOLOGY IN GUYANA

    Although not a Bishop Museum program, they are hosting the WWW pages for a sister project to our insect-plant ecology work in Papua New Guinea.
    This describes ongoing ecological studies by Yves Basset and others of CABI's International Institute of Entomology in Guyana:
    http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/natsci/guyana/

Our sister project in Papua New Guinea can be found at:
    http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/natsci/ng/ngecol.html

Abdelwahab, N. 1996. OVB20, an Onchocerca volvulus-cloned antigen selected by differential immunoscreening with vaccination serum in a cattle model of onchocerciasis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 76: 187-199.

Abuelzein, E. M. 1997. Bovine ephemeral fever in Saudi Arabia. Veterinary Record. 140: 630-631.

Aisien, S. O. 1996. Characterization of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase in Onchocerca volvulus. Parasitology Research. 82: 369-371.

Akashi, H. 1997. Antigenic and genetic comparisons of Japanese and Australian simbu serogroup viruses - evidence for the recovery of natural virus reassortants. Virus Research. 50: 205-213.

Akashi, H. 1997. Antigenic diversity of akabane virus detected by monoclonal-antibodies. Virus Research. 47: 187-196.

Akashi, H. 1997. Restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism analysis of akabane virus nucleoprotein gene. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 59: 837-840.

Akhtar, S. 1997. Bluetongue virus seropositivity in sheep flocks in north-west frontier province, Pakistan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 29: 293-298.

Akue, J. P. 1996. Markers of loa loa infection in permanent residents of a loiasis endemic area of Gabon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 90: 115-118.

Akuffo, H. 1996. Ivermectin-induced immunopotentiation in onchocerciasis - recognition of selected antigens following a single-dose of ivermectin. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 103: 244-252.

Aldana, J. M. 1997. Forest onchocerciasis in Cameroon - its distribution and implications for selection of communities for control programs. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 91: 79-86.

Alwakeel, E. I. 1996. Hydrothermal characteristics of sand-lime brick production. Zkg International. 49: 260-264.

Anderson, J. R. 1996. Trapping oestrid parasites of reindeer - the response of Cephenemyia trompe and Hypoderma tarandi to baited traps. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 10: 337-346.

Aradaib, I. E. 1997. Serogrouping and topotyping of Sudanese and Unites States strains of epizootic hemorrhagic-disease virus using PCR. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 20: 211-218.

Bain O. 1997. Detection Of Loa-Loa-Specific DNA In Blood From Occult-Infected Individuals. Experimental Parasitology. 86: 163-170.

Bardenstein, D. S. 1997. Pleomorphism of stromal eosinophils in murine experimental onchocercal keratitis. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation. 5: 157-163.

Barnard, B. J. 1997. Antibodies against some viruses of domestic-animals in southern African wild animals. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 64: 95-110.

Barrera, J. D. 1996. Persistence of vesicular stomatitis-virus New Jersey RNA in convalescent hamsters. Virology. 219: 453-464.

Barrera, R. 1996. Species concurrence and the structure of a community of aquatic insects in tree holes. Journal of Vector Ecology. 21: 66-80.

Basak, A. K. 1997. Structures of orbivirus VP7 - implication for the role of this protein in the viral life-cycle. Structure. 5: 871-883.

Basak, Ajit K.; Patrice Gouet; Jonathan Grimes. 1996. Crystal structure of the top domain of African horse sickness virus VP7: comparisons with bluetongue virus VP7. Journal of Virology. 70: 3797-3806.

Basanez, M. G.; H. Townson; J. R. Williams; H. Frontado; N. J. Villamizar; R. M. Anderson. 1996. Density-dependent processes in the transmission of human onchocerciasis: relationship between microfilarial intake and mortality of the simuliid vector. Parasitology. 113: 331-355.

Baylis, M. 1997. The spatial and seasonal distribution of African horse sickness and its potential Culicoides vectors in Morocco. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 11: 203-212.

Bernard, K. A. 1996. A complex neutralization domain of bluetongue virus serotype-17 defines a virulence-associated marker. Viral Immunology. 9: 97-106.

Bhatnagar, P. 1997. A potential vector of bluetongue virus in north-western India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 67: 486-488.

Bidgood, A. 1996. The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Sydney. Australian Veterinary Journal. 73: 103-104.

Bishop, A. L.; P. D. Kirkland; H. J. McKenzie; I. M. Barchia. 1996. The dispersal of Culicoides brevitarsis in eastern New South Wales and associations with the occurrences of arbovirus infections in cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 73: 174-178.

Blacksell, S. D. 1997. Rapid identification of Australian bunyavirus isolated belonging to the simbu serogroup using indirect ELISA formats. Journal of Virological Methods. 66: 123-133.

Blackwell, A. 1997. Electrophysiological and behavioral studies of the biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer(Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) - interactions between some plant-derived-repellent compounds and a host odor attractant, 1-Octen-3-ol. Physiological Entomology. 22: 102-108.

Boomker, J. 1996. Parasites of South-African wildlife. 14. Helminths of Nyalas (Tragelaphus angasii) in the Mkuzi-game-reserve, Kwazulu-Natal. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. 63: 265-271.

Borkent, A. 1997. The Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) described by Abreu, Santos from the Canary Islands. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 44: 3-18.

Borkent, A. 1997. World species of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 233. 5-257.

Borkent, Art.; William L. Grogan, reviewer. 1996. Biting midges in the cretaceous amber of North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) (book review). Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 89: 607-609.

Bottcher, B. 1996. 3-dimensional structure of infectious bursal disease virus determined by electron cryomicroscopy. Journal of Virology. 71: 325-330.

Botto, C. 1997. Onchocerciasis hyperendemic in the Unturan mountains - an extension of the endemic region in southern Venezuela. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91: 150-152.

Boussinesq, M. 1997. Onchocerca-Volvulus - Striking Decrease In Transmission In The Vina Valley (Cameroon) After 8 Annual Large-Scale Ivermectin Treatments. Transactions Of The Royal Society Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene. 91: 82-86.

Brattig, N. 1997. Differences in cytokine responses to Onchocerca volvulus extract and recombinant OV33 and OVL3-1 proteins in exposed subjects with various parasitological and clinical states. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 176: 838-842.

Brattig, N. W. 1997. Characterization of human immune-responses to the cytosolic superoxide-dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase from Onchocerca volvulus. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2: 788-798.

Brown, C. C. 1996. Distribution of bluetongue virus in tissues of experimentally infected pregnant dogs as determined by in-situ hybridization. Veterinary Pathology. 33: 337-340.

Butcher, S. J. 1997. Intermediates in the assembly pathway of the double-stranded-RNA virus PHI-6. Embo Journal. 16: 4477-4487.

Butt, A. A. 1996. Prevalence of hemoparasites among dromedary in and around Faisalabad (Punjab). Journal of Camel Practice and Research. 3: 103-106.

Cantor, G. H. 1996. A potential proline rich motif upstream of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in bovine leukemia-virus GP30, Epstein-Barr-virus LMP2A, herpesvirus papio LMP2A, and African horsesickness virus VP7. Virology. 220: 265-266.

Caston, J. R. 1997. Structure of L-A virus - a specialized compartment for the transcription and replication of double-stranded-RNA. Journal of Cell Biology. 138: 975-985.

Catmull, J. 1996. CDNAS from Onchocerca sp. encoding members of the MRS3/MRS4 class of mitochondrial solute carriers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-biomembranes. 1282: 179-181.

Chakravarti, B. 1996. In-Vivo Molecular Analysis of Cytokines in a Murine model of ocular Onchocerciasis .1. Up-Regulation of IL-4 and IL-5 Messenger-RNAs and not IL-2 and IFN-Gamma Messenger-RNAs in the cornea due to experimental interstitial keratitis. Immunology Letters. 54: 59-64.

Chakravarti, B. 1996. Onchocerca volvulus - expression and purification of recombinant antigen RAL2 - studies on immunogenicity and pathogenicity. Biochemical Archives. 12: 55-69.

Chandrashekar, R. 1996. Use of recombinant Onchocerca volvulus antigens for diagnosis and surveillance of human onchocerciasis. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 1: 575-580.

Chantal, J. 1996. A sero-prevalence survey of carriers of the agents of zoonotic diseases on some workers of Djibouti slaughterhouse. Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique. 89: 353-357.

Charalambous, M.; A. J. Shelley; M. Arzube. 1997. The potential for dispersal of onchocerciasis in Ecuador in relation to the distribution of the vector Simulium exiguum (Diptera:Simuliidae). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 92: 153-156.

Charest, H. 1996. The developmental expression of Leishmania donovani A2 amastigote-specific genes is posttranscriptionally mediated and involves elements located in the 3'-untranslated region. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271: 17081-17090.

Clastrier, J.; J. C. Delecolle. 1996. [Ceratopogonidae of the Wallis and Futuna Islands (Diptera).] Bull. Soc. Entimol. Fr. 101: 289-318.

Cooper, P. J. 1996. Absence of cellular-responses to a putative autoantigen in onchocercal chorioretinopathy - cellular autoimmuntiy in onchocercal chorioretinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 37: 405-412.

Cooper, P. J. 1997. Human infection with Onchocerca volvulus does not affect the T-helper cell phenotype of the cellular immune-response to mycobacterial antigen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91: 350-352.

Cooper, P. J. 1996. Onchocerciasis in Ecuador - evolution of chorioretinopathy after amocarzine treatment. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 80: 337-342.

Cooper, P. J. 1996. Rantes in onchocerciasis - changes with Ivermectin treatment. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 106: 462-467.

Craig, J. M. 1997. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of an evening primrose and fish-oil combination vs. hydrogenated coconut oil in the management of recurrent seasonal pruritus in horses. Veterinary Dermatology. 8: 177-182.

Cribb, B. W. 1996. Antennal sensilla of the female biting midge - Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) townsvillensis (Taylor) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology. 25: 405-425.

Cross, E. R.; K. C. Hyams. 1996. The potential effect of global warming on the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in Southwest Asia. Environ. Health Perspect. 104: 724-727.

Cross, E. R.; W. W. Newcomb; C. J. Tucker. 1996. Use of weather data and remote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in southwest Asia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54: 530-536.

Cross, H. F. 1997. The entry of ivermectin and suramin into Onchocerca ochengi nodules. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 91: 393-401.

Cupp, E. W.; M. S. Cupp. 1997. Black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) salivary secretions: Importance in vector competence and disease. J. Med. Entomol. 34: 87-94.

Cupp, M. S. 1997. Cellular hemolymph response of Simulium vittatum (Diptera, Simuliidae) to intrathoracic injection of Onchocerca lienalis (Filarioidea, Onchocercidae) microfilariae. Journal of Medical Entomology. 34: 56-63.

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Fryauff, D. J.; M. A. Shoukry; H. A. Hanafi; Yung Mi Choi; K. E. Kamel; C. E. Schreck. 1996. Contact toxicity of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms to Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae): Effects of laundering and time of exposure. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 12: 84-90.

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Henkleduhrsen, K. 1997. Localization and functional-analysis of the cystyolic and extracellular CUZN superoxide dismutases in the human parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 88: 187-202.

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Lipani F. 1997. Albendazole for the treatment of Mansonella perstans filariasis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91: 221-221.

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Lustigman, Sara; James H. McKerrow; Kashmira Shah. 1996. Cloning of a cysteine protease required for the molting of Onchocerca volvulus third stage larvae. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271: 30181-30189.

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