Greetings to you all. The year of 1996 has been quite productive from our review of the literature on Ceratopogonidae. We are getting excited and are making plans for the 1997 North American Dipterist Society (NADS) meeting to be held here at Georgia Southern University in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. We are hoping that we will have a record attendance, and hope you will make plans to be one of the participants.

    I have received research updates from a number of scientists for this issue. Appreciate the excellent participation by all contributors. I encourage and welcome each of you to continue your efforts to communicate via the CIE.

    As you can see below a listing of your e-mail addresses is enclosed and will continue to be updated in a future issues of the CIE. Please let us know of your activities in your Ceratopogonid work for the next CIE issue due out in May 1997.

                                                                                        Thanks and best regards,
                                                                                        Daniel V. Hagan, Ph.D.
Summary of CIE Contents:
Announcements ........................................................... 2
Contributions from Ceratopogonid Scientists ............. 2
Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae ....................... 7

For CIE Participants, please send me your e-mail address to dhagan@GaSoU.edu As a service, we provide a listing of e-mail addresses for individuals active in Ceratopogonidae work.

News from: Wayne L. Kramer, Nebraska State Health Department, P.O. Box 95007, Lincoln, NE 68509-5007 e-mail: wkramer@unlinfo.unl.edu

    Dr. Wayne Kramer will be hosting the 1997 Biting Fly Workshop in Nebraska. The 1997 BFW will be held at the Niobrara Valley Preserve north of Johnstown, Nebraska June 4-6, 1997. The location is in north central Nebraska east of the community of Valentine, Nebraska.
    But if you wish additional infomation you may write or send e-mail to Wayne.
See pages 15-16 of this newsletter for more information.

    Georgia Southern University will host the 5^th biannual North American Dipterist Society (NADS) meeting May 3-7, 1997. We (Drs. Dan Hagan, Frank E. French and Sturgis McKeever, plus graduate students) will host the >97 meeting here in coastal Georgia, USA. Anyone interested in participating should contact Dan Hagan by mail or e-mail before February 1, 1997. Only those individuals responding before February 1^st will receive a packet of information concerning the Georgia meeting. A number of our esteemed colleagues have agreed to participate in the 1997 meeting.

    We will stay at The New Ebenezer Retreat Center (just off Highway 21, 5 km north of Rincon, or 3 km south of Springfield, in Effingham County, Georgia) where we will hold the meetings and have some great collecting field trips to the Okeefenokee Swamp, to a coastal Georgia barrier island (Sapelo, Sea Island and/ or St. Catherines Island) and to the sand ridge communities (relict dunes, 40 K years old). The coastal city of Savannah (250 yrs. old) is only 30 km from Statesboro.

    Famous eighteenth and ninteenth century pioneer naturalists such as the Bartrams and the LeContes were among the first to describe the natural beauty of Georgia. The meeting and collecting trips will take us to the physiographic province of the upper and lower Georgia Coastal Plain.

    We welcome all our Canadian, U.S., Mexican, Central and South American colleagues and any other international participants. The meeting site, the New Ebenezer Retreat Center is easy to get to driving (Rincon exit off I-95) or by flying (into Savannah International Airport).
    Lodging space is limited and to assist in planning we ask that you make reservations with Dan Hagan before March 1, 1997.
    The deadline for submitting titles and making room and dining arrangements at the New Ebenezer Retreat Center will be April 3, 1997. Please contact Dan Hagan before this date. Meals can be purchased separately from sleeping facilities and again the deadline is April 3, 1997.
    The Department of Biology at Georgia Southern University has agreed to provide a large passenger van. The van will be used to provide transportation for field trips and between the Savannah Airport and the New Ebenezer Retreat Center.
                                                                                                                 Dan Hagan

Request for Assistance
    I currently have a world catalogue of Ceratopogonidae in press with the late Bill Wirth as junior author. I am expecting to see publication sometime in 1997 and would appreciate the help of all ceratopogonid workers to include the latest descriptions of taxa. If you have published a recent taxonomic paper (or expect to see one out shortly) or know of someone else who has, please contact me so that the taxa (or taxonomic changes) can be incorporated into this major work. I expect to be able to make last minute additions or changes until about the end of March. If you can help, please contact me at the address above.
    Also passed on another W.W. Wirth publication I recently located: "Ibanez-Bernal, S., W.W. Wirth and H. Huerta-Jimenez. 1996. 36. Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), pp. 567-577, In Biodiversidad, taxonomia y biogeografia de artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una sintesis de su conocimiento, eds. J.L. Bousquets, A.N.G. Aldrete and E.G. Soriano. Published by Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico."

    I would like to announce my work activities in ceratopogonids. I am continuing my taxonomic work on neotropical ceratopogonids, specifically the Brazilian fauna, captured with light traps or directly on the host. In my studies I am concentrating on the biting and predatory midges of the genera Culicoides, Monohelea, Downeshelea, Sphaerohelea and Lasiohelea.
    For contact please use my fax number: ++5521 - 39l1451

    I have prepared a paper dedicated to W.W. Wirth, in his Festschrift. After this I prepared the portion on Ceratopogonidae in the volume on the freshwater invertebrates of Russia, that is to be published by our Zoological Institute. I am now working on a project on Culicidae. After this I will complete a paper on the revision of the langeroni group of Culicoides based upon material from Sinai (provided by Dr. Y. Braverman), this will result in a joint paper with Braverman. I am also beginning work on a major work on the sensory organs of the antennae and palps of males and females of various genera of Ceratopogonidae, using light and scanning electron microsopy.
    In addition, I have four papers that I would like to be listed in the CIE Recent Literature.
                            V.M. Glukhova

    The news of significance I can report on concerns progress on the Wirth Festschrift. The latest news is that we have received back corrected page proofs from nearly all contributors. We are hopeful therefore, to have this memorial volume published during late November or early December. All of those that contributed to Dr. Wirth's Festschrift will receive a copy gratis. Those that otherwise wish to obtain a copy can send me an e-mail message at: wlgrogan@sae.ssu.edu, and I will be glad to furnish these individuals with ordering information as it becomes available to me.

    I have sent a copy of the popular account of Midges in Scotland 2^nd Edition. Also a copy of a review by Dr. John P.T. Boorman (founder and first editor of the CIE), written for the Bull. Entomol. Soc.:
    Biting nuisance in a lighter vein, Midges in Scotland by G. Hendry (Edinburgh, Mercat Press, 1996 (2^nd Ed.) vii + 75pp. Soft cover 4.99 British pounds. ISBN 1873644 612.
    There can be few who have visited Scotland or its Islands and who have not encountered Scotlands' second most infamous beastie, the Scottish midge. An entomological curiosity to some, Culicoides impunctatus - and many another species of biting midge - can make life unbearable. This is the second edition of a deservedly popular account which answers most of the questions usually asked about these insects.
    Although written in a light style, this is no lightweight book: in a relatively few pages the author deals in detail with history, physiology, anatomy, life history, disease, economy and control, with a few observations on other biting pests thrown in for good measure. This is all enlivened by cartoons. We are advised how to minimise the impact of midge biting, although few hopes are held out for the prospects of long-term control. The author concludes with the thought-provoking suggestion that perhaps the presence of the biting midge may be a factor in guarding one of our las true wildernesses from the excesses of man's activities. A short bibliography indicates further sources of information.
    It is of a handy size to fit into ones pocket, ready for reference and, when beset by biting hordes, it could be a handy means of mechanical control. At 4.99 pounds, how can you lose?
     by John Boorman

Subject: Culicoides colony

    In view of my upcoming retirement, I would like to know if anyone is interested in establishing the following Culicoides strain in their laboratory:
    Culicoides variipennis (SONORA strain, 000 line) was originally obtained as eggs from Dr. Robert Jones, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Denver, CO. I have maintained the colony since January 1979 in a 6' x 7' insectary space having 3 tiers of shelving and a 7' x 2' counter top. This is mentioned because, having seen the elaborate rearing building used by the USDA, it demonstrates that substantial numbers of specimens can be obtained without sacrificing a lot of space and at very little cost. The colony is extremely strong, and no wild-caught specimens have been added to the colony. A detailed description of the materials and methods will be provided to any interested investigator.
    Basically, the adult females are housed in pint cardboard cartons covered on top with fine mesh bobbinet and given the opportunity to blood feed twice weekly using anesthetized guinea pigs. The eggs are oviposited on moistened filter paper placed in a 60 mm petri dish and average approximately 17,900 eggs per oviposition (twice weekly). The eggs can be stored in the refrigerator for a month at 40 F.
    The larvae are reared in 7" x 11" x 5" plastic pans of the type used for mouse cages, and they are covered with fine mesh bobbinet attached to a wooden frame that fits over the pan. The pan bottom is covered with water-soaked nonsterile cotton that comes in 1 lb rolls. The larval food is TetraMin flaked staple tropical fish food that can be purchased in bulk quantity (cheaper) through pet stores, Wal-Mart, etc. It is ground in a blender and sifted through a 60 mesh sieve.
    It takes about 3 weeks to go from egg hatch to the first emergence of adults, and adults continue to be harvested from the same pan for 2-3 weeks. The adults are removed from under the bobbinet cover directly into a pint carton via an aspirator/carton/ vacuum pump arrangement. I am in the process of determining the weekly adult harvest, but it probably runs about 5,000. Obviously, not all the eggs hatch, and there is some cannibalism of pupae by the larvae, especially in very dense pans. The adults live 10-21 days and are maintained on a dry sugar cube.
    I will send an egg paper along with some supplies (adult cartons and larval pan with lid) to any interested investigator, but I must restrict distribution to laboratories where C. variipennis is indigenous unless the laboratory is certified to be safe for housing exotic species by some authority. The nature of the handling procedures (removing egg dish, etc.) makes some escapes inevitable, but the room can be self-contained as in my lab.
    Thanks for including this in the CIE newsletter. The principle expense in maintaining the colony is the need to have 6-8 guinea pigs on hand for blood feeding the midges (I try not to use an animal more than once every 3 weeks). You are quite right about the technical assistance. My technician spends about 1/3 of his time with the colony. However, we have it down so there is no weekend work involved. The problem is 3-day weekends and during extended holidays such as between Christmas and New Years when people want to go places. The colony tends to tie you down.

    The W.W. Wirth Festschrift volume will be Memoir 18 of the Entomological Society of Washington. The Memoir will be published in late November or early December of this year. Cost for the volume will be $25.00, and orders should be addressed to the custodian of the Entomological Society of Washington. About half of the included papers are devoted to some aspect of Ceratopogonidae.
    To order the volume make our check, in U.S. funds only, payable to the Entomological Society of Washington and mail to the address below:
    Michael G. Pogue, Treasurer
   Entomological Society of Washington
    c/o Smithsonian Institution MRC 168
    Washington, DC 20560 USA

    We have a number of Culicoides projects running right now, and a few recent findings are reported below.
    1) A multi-year study on Culicoides variipennis sonorensis vector capacity assessment now is entering the third year. A Ph.D. student, Alec Gerry, is at the center of the project, assisted by several others of us here at UCR and with help from Jim Maclachlan at the UC Davis Vet. School and Jim Mecham at the USDA-ARS laboratory in Laramie, WY. Transmission of BTV to sentinel calves on the test dairy has occurred only between late August and early December. We are intensively collecting insects year-round, testing parous flies for presence of BTV using a capture ELISA (followed by virus isolation from positive pools) and tracking parity levels and temperatures. Nullipars are also fed periodically on a local BTV 10 to provide vector competence information, at least for the one serotype. This project has really kept us hopping, especially Alec. When completed, the data set should yield a lot of information on sonorensis biology and BTV epidemiology.

    2) Related to the above project, we spent 25 nights in the field this summer to relate CO2-baited trap collections to actual cattle attack rates over multiple 10-min. intervals per night using 3 different calves. The trap collections clearly track cattle attack rates, but cattle exceed the equivalent amount of CO2 in attractiveness by over 10x. This no doubt reflects other host cues which contribute to the attractiveness of the ruminant. Based on our trap collections, the cattle out there are getting seriously chewed up- trap collections are as high as 5,000 females/trap night.

    3) Our work with the mermithid parasite Heleidomermismagnapapula continues, through the devoted effort of Staff Research Associate Katherine Luhring. Currently we are testing whether parasitized adults may behave differently from unparasitized ones. One paper on salt and pollution tolerance is in press (Environ. Entomol.,), another on host range will be submitted soon, and several others are hanging fire until Brad finds time to write them up!

    4) M.S. student Mark Breidenbaugh is completing descriptions of 2 new Culicoides spp. (all life stages) and immature descriptions (eggs, larvae and pupae) of about 8 others from southern CA. We have eggs of 4 Israeli spp. from Yehuda Braverman to supplement the egg descriptions of California spp. based on SEM photos. The eggs are quite diverse and represent a relatively unstudied life stage that may be useful in identification and systematic efforts.

    5) A study on morphometric variation and laboratory hybridization of C. v. sonorensis and C. v. occidentalis should be out before too long in the J. Med. Entomol. Staff Research Associate Rob Velten is the first author on this one. Basically, in laboratory confinement, hybrids are formed and can be maintained indefinitely. There is no evidence this happens in the field, however. Males of occidentalis can be distinguished from those of sonorensis by absence of spicules on the aedeagus of occidentalis, but other morphological traits were not very useful, and the females are basically impossible to separate morphologically with any confidence. Hybrid males usually have spicules, but the number may be reduced.

    6) Finally, Art Borkent now is examining females of Leptoconops (Brachyconops) californiensis found feeding on multiple species of lizards on desert sand dunes in southern CA and northern Mexico by Cameron Barrows of the Nature Conervancy. The biology of this monotypic subgenus has been essentially unknown. This information significantly expands its geographic range and provides host information. It is one of a very few ceratopogonid reptile feeders known, and in a pretty inhospitable habitat at that. We still are not sure they all should be regarded as californiensis, but will go with Art=s professional judgement on this!

    In 1980 the "Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotroipical Region" edited by R.W. Crosskey was published by the British Museum (Natural History). Chapter 10. Family Ceratopogonidae was written by W.W. Wirth, B. DeMeillon and E. Haeselbarth. In 1991 DeMeillon and Wirth published a comprehensive paper entitled "The Genera and Subgenera (exluding Culicoides) of the Afrotropical Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." It is a guide to the genera and subgenera of the biting and predaceous midges. However, in order to save space and avoid duplication, they stated that they had not repeated the lists of species in their inventories and merely stated the number of species listed in the 1980 Catalogue. As this Catalogue is now 16 years out of date, I decided to consolidate all the species listed in the above two works and to add any new species described since 1991.
    I have followed the classification of DeMeillon & Wirth (1991), and like them have omitted the synonymy of the genera and subgenera which is to be found in the original Catalogue. Also no description of the taxonomy or the life history of the ceratopogonids has been included and the reader is referred to other previous publications. Apart from an excellent paper by Glick (1990), and a number of short papers by Meiswinkel, there is no comprehensive taxonomic work on the Afrotropical fauna of the genus Culicoides and a regional monograph for this genus is needed.
    Botha DeMeillon and the late Willis Wirth have made a great and valuable contribution to the study of Ceratopogonidae of the Afrotropical Region. Other workers in this field who have to be especially mentioned for their contribution are M. Cornet, J. Clastrier, J. Bruhnes, E. Nevill and R. Meiswinkel and they are thanked for providing reprints of their work.
                        J. Segerman

Copies of A Revision of The Catalogue of the Ceratopogonidae of the Afrotropical Region are obtainable at U$10 from: The Librarian, The South African Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 1038, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa Tel: +27 11 489 9301, FAX +27 11 489 9302, e-mail: entosafr@global.co.za

    E. Paul Catts, 66, Washington State University professor, died 5 April 1996 after suffering a heart attack while practicing lacrosse with the WSU team. Catts had served as the team's coach for a time.

    Paul was born April 3, 1930, to Helen Gleason and E. Paul Catts Sr. in Elizabeth, NJ. He recieved his Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from the University of Delaware in 1952. He married Margaret Seavy July 5, 1952. They divorced in 1978.

    Following military service as a commissioned officer during the Korean conflict, Catts earned his Masters of Science in Entomology from the University of Delaware and a Doctorate in Parasitology from the University of California-Berkeley. He was hired as an Assistant Professor at the University of Delaware in 1964, and within 10 years he was promoted to Professor of Entomology. While teaching at UD early in his career, Catts professed to his students the importance of ecology and conducted numerous field trips to the Delaware marshes, the Okefenokee swamp, and the Hawaiian Islands. His research in Delaware concentrated on mosquitoes and biting flies in salt marshes, and how wildlife adapted to infringements of human activity in woods, swamps and marshes.

    He married Dana Ketner April 22, 1979. In August 1980 they moved to Pullman where Catts accepted the position of Chairman of the Entomology Department at WSU, where he taught Medical Entomology, Insect Morphology, and a popular WSU undergraduate course called Insects and People; in which he promoted insects as food for people while describing the important role insects have played in human history.

    Catts was an internationally-recognized scientist in medical and forensic entomology having authored over 40 publications, and lecturing widely in both areas. His major contributions include 2 editions (1970 & 1982) of the "Manual of Medical Entomology", "Entomology and Death: A Procedural Guide", and "Insects did it First". Catts authored 2 Annual Review of Entomology articles (1982 & 1992). Catts contributed much to the Entomological Society of America, where he served as chair of Section D (1989), and as Governing Board Member representing Section D (1992-1995). He was recipient of the ESA Eastern Branch's Excellence in Teaching award in 1975 and was recognized with an Outstanding Service Award in 1989. In addition to ESA, Catts was a member of the American Mosquito Control Association and the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. In 1972 he was recognized as Outstanding Educator of America. Catts was a member of Sigma Xi, Alpha Zeta, Phi Kappa Phi, and Omicron Delta Kappa honor societies.

    Catts shared his professional expertise with the community through civic organizations such as Kiwanis, Audubon Society, public schools and youth organizations. In 1977 Catts was awarded the Order of the Arrow, Order of Merit, and the Silver Beaver by the Boy Scouts for his distinguished service to youth. He was Scoutmaster for his sons' Troop 56 in Newark, Delaware. Catts was an accomplished wildlife and historical artist, and many of his paintings are at the Delaware Nature Education Society, the national headquarters for Sigma Nu, and the WSU James Entomological Museum. He published extensively in the Delaware Conservationist. Catts created several duck and trout stamps in Delaware and Washington.

    Paul is survived by his wife Dana of Pullman; three sons, Wade Paul Catts of Newark, DE., Glenn Paul Catts of Cary, NC., and Ketner Paul Catts of Pullman; one daughter, Summer Catts of Pullman; two sisters, Ann Barbara Catts of Honolulu, and Dorothy Fuhrmeister of South Venice, FL., one brother, John "Jack" G. Catts of Christianhead, St. Croix; and three grandchildren. Memorial Contributions can be sent to the E. Paul Catts Scholarship Fund in care of the Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6382 or toward a Scholarship Fund of Boy Scouts of America Council Inc., 801 Washington St. Wilmington, DE 19801-1597.
    by John J. Brown and Garrell E. Long
            Pullman, WA e-mail at entom@wsu.edu

Adeyefa, C.A.O.; Dipeolu, O.O. 1993. Studies on Culicoides species (Latreille, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Nigeria-XI. Species caught around horse stables. Insect Science and its Application 14(2): 211-214.

Alexander, K.A.; Kat, P.W.; House, J.; House, C.; O'Brien, S.J.; Laurenson, M.K.; McNutt, J.W.; Osburn, B.I. 1995. African horse sickness and African carnivores. Veterinary Microbiology 47(1-2): 133-140.

Bishop, A.L.; Barchia, I.M.; Harris, A.M. 1995. Last occurrence and survival during winter of the arbovirus vector Culicoides brevitarsis at the southern limits of its distribution. Australian Veterinary Journal 72(2): 53-55.

Bishop, A.L.; McKenzie, H.J.; Barchia, I.M.; Harris, A,M. 1995. The effects of habitat on the distribution of Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) during its resting phase. Australian Journal of Zoology 43(5): 531-539.

Blackwell, A.; Brown, M.; Mordue, W. 1995. The use of an enhanced ELISA method for the identification of Culicoides bloodmeals in host-preference studies. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 9(2): 214-218.

Blackwell, A.; Dyer, C.; Mordue, A.J.; Wadhams, L.J.; Mordue, W. 1994. Field and laboratory evidence for a volatile pheromone produced by parous females of the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus. Physiological Entomology 19(4): 251-257.

Blackwell, A.; Young, M.R.; Mordue, W. 1994. The microhabitat of Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) larvae in Scotland. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84(3): 295-301.

Bosman, P.; Bruckner, G.K.; Faul, A. 1995. African horse sickness surveillance systems and regionalisation/zoning: The case of South African. Revue Scientifique Technique Office International Epizooties 14(3): 645-653.

Braverman, Y. 1994. Nematocera (Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae, Simuliidae and Culicidae) and control methods. Revue Scientifique Technique Office International Epizooties 13(4): 1175-1199.

Braverman, Y.; Chizov-Ginzburg, A. 1996. Role of dogs (Canis domesticus) as hosts for African horse sickness virus. Veterinary Microbiology 51: 19-25.

Braverman, Y.; Greenstone, M.H. 1996. Aircraft altitudinal sampling for Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) during the period of the Persian Trough air stream in the eastern Mediterrean area. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 51(2): 69-73.

Braverman, Y.; Linley, J.R. 1994. Fecundity and proportions of gravid females in populations of the bluetongue vector Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and several other species in Israel. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(6): 838-843.

Braverman, Y.; Messaddeq, N.; Lemble, C.; Kremer, M. 1996. Reevaluation of the taxonomic status of the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Israel and the eastern Mediterrean and review of their potential medical and veterinary importance. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 12(3): 437-445.

Braverman, Y.; Wilamowsky, A.; Chizov-Ginzburg, A. 1995. Susceptibility of Culicoides imicola to cyhalothrin. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 9(4): 443-444.

Brodskaya, N.K. 1994. An influence of economical activity on the fauna of biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. Parazitologiya 28(6): 452-457.

Buck, M.; Havelka, P. 1994. Biting midges (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae) collected by emergence traps from various terrestrial habitats in southern Germany. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 130(1564-1567): 211-217.

Castellon, E.G.; Ferreira, R.L.M.; Silva, M.N.T.D. 1993. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Brazilian Amazon: IV. Species collected with CDC light trap in the Ducke Forest Reserve (RFD), Amazon State, Brazil. Acta Amazonica 23(2-3): 309-310.

Clastrier, J.; Wirth, W.W. 1995. Revision of the neotropical Forcipomyia of the subgenus Microhelea, parasites of phasmatids (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 31(2): 97-150.

Daniels, P.W.; Sendow, I.; Soleha, E.; Sukarsih; Hunt, N.T.; Bahri, S. 1995. Australian-Indonesian collaboration in veterinary arbovirology: a review. Veterinary Microbiology 46(1-3): 151-174.

De Anda J.; Salman, M.D.; Walton, T.E.; Raich, T.J.; Pujol Manriquez, C.; Mason, J.; Greiner, E.C. 1994. Epidemiologic and entomologic aspects of bluetongue in cattle in the cattle producing region: Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Veterinaria - Mexico 25(3): 227-230.

Delecolle, J.C.; Rieb, J.P. 1994. Contribution to the knowledge of the Ceratopogonidae from Guadeloupe: Description of three new species of the genera Dasyhelea and Atrichopogon (Diptera, Nematocera). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99(3): 267-279.

Delecolle, J.C.; Rieb, J.P. 1995. Redescription of Monohelea estonica Remm, 1965, M. macfiei Wirth, 1953, and M. floridensis Wirth and Williams, 1964. Description of an allied form and of a new species: (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 12(1): 17-45.

Dell'anna, L.; Utzeri, C.; Sabatini, A.; Coluzzi, M. 1995. Forcipomyia (Pterobosca) paludis (Macfie, 1936) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) on adult dragonflies (Odonata) in Sardinia, Italy. Parassitologia (Rome) 37(1): 79-82.

Dobosz, R. 1994. The second record of the Forcipomyia eques Joh. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Poland. Acta Entomologica Silesiana 2(1): 23.

Drissner, J.; Havelka, P.; Funke, W. 1994. Studies on the Diptera fauna in orchards: Part 1. Ceratopogonidae. Carolinea 52(0): 111-114.

Dyce, A.L.; Meiswinkel, R. 1995. Tokunagahelea, a new subgenus of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Australasian region with descriptions of two new species. Invertebrate Taxonomy 9(1): 129-147.

Felippe Bauer, M.L.; Quintelas, A.R.; Spinelli, G.R. 1995. A New Neotropical Predaceous Midge, Downeshelea deanei, and Redescription of Downeshelea guianea (Wirth) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro 90(3): 395-399.

Felippe Bauer, M.L.; Spinelli, G.R. 1994. Two new neotropical species of Monohelea Kieffer and Downeshelea Wirth and Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro 89(2): 161-165.

Foster, A.P.; Lees, P.; Cunningham, F.M. 1995. Actions of PAF receptor antagonists in horses with the allergic skin disease sweet itch. Inflammation Research 44(10): 412-417.

Foster, A.P.; Lees, P.; Cunningham, F.M. 1995. Platelet activating factor mimics antigen-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in sweet itch horses. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 44(2): 115-128.

Glukhova, V.M.; Brodskaya, N.K. 1995. Seasonal changes of the age composition of populations of the abundant species of the blood-sucking biting gnats of the genus Culicoides Latr. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in Northwestern Russia. Entomological Review (English Translation of Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye) 74(9): 1-8 .

Glukhova, V.M.; Brodskaya, N.K. 1995. Catalogue of type specimens in the collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Diptera. No. 4. Ceratopogonidae. St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute. 22p.

Glukhova, V.M.; Przhiboro, A.A. 1995. On mass breeding of biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in the White Sea intertidal zone. Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg) 29(1): 43-46.

Glukhova, V.M.; Valkiunas, G. 1993. On the fauna and ecology of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) in Kursu Nerija Spit, the methods of their collection from birds and experimental infection with haemoproteids (Haemosporidia: Haemoproteidae). Ekologija. The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Vilnius. "Academia." No. 2, p. 68-73. (In Russian, English summary).

Graham, T.B. 1994. Predation by dipteran larvae on fairy shrimp (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Utah rock-pools. Southwestern Naturalist 39(2): 206-207.

Grogan, W.L., Jr.; Spinelli, G.R. 1994. Two new neotropical species of the subgenus Isohelea of Brachypogon, with the description of the female of B. (I.) misionensis and a key to the neotropical species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Revista Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 53(1-4): 1-8.

Hagen, H.E.; Grunewald, J.; Ham, P.J. 1995. The in vitro culture of Onchocerca spp.: I. Preliminary observations on the development of the second to the third stage larvae. Applied Parasitology 36(1): 47-52.

Hayford, B.L.; Sublette, J.E.; Herrman, S.J. 1995. Distribution of chironomids (Diptera: Chironomidae) and ceratopogonids (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) along a Colorado thermal spring effluent. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society Supplement 68(2 ): 77-92.

Holbrook, F.R. 1995. Rubidium in female Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) after engorgement on a rubidium-treated host. Journal of Medical Entomology 32(3): 387-389.

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Krzywinski, J. 1994. Notes on predaceous biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Poland. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 37(2): 33-38.

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McKeever, S.; Hagan, D.V.; Grogan, W.L., Jr. 1995. Comparative study of mouthparts of predaceous midges of the tribe Palpomyiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from eastern United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 97(4): 799-832.

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Meiswinkel, R.; Braack, L.E.O. 1994. African horsesickness epidemiology: Five species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected live behind the ears and at the dung of the African elephant in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 61(2): 155-170.

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Nevill, H.; Nevill, E.M. 1995. A survey of the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Umlalazi Nature Reserve in Zululand, South Africa, with notes on two species biting man. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 62(1): 51-58.

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Spinelli, G.R.; Ronderos, M.M. 1994. New records of Culicoides for the subantarctic forest of Argentina and Chile (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Neotropica (La Plata) 40(103-104): 60.

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Szadziewski, R.; Gilka, W.; Anthon, H. 1995. Immature stages of two European species of the subgenus Meloehelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with keys to the European subgenera of Atrichopogon. Entomologica Scandinavica 26(2): 181-190.

Szadziewski, R.; Kaczorowska, E.; Krzywinski, J. 1994. The predaceous midges of the subgenus Isohelea of Brachypogon in Poland (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 37(2): 1-32.

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Venter, G.J.; Meiswinkel, R. 1994. The virtual absence of Culicoides imicola (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in a light-trap survey of the colder, high-lying area of the eastern Orange Free State, South Africa, and implications for the transmission of arboviruses. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 61(4): 327-340.

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Wirth, W.W. 1994. The Western Hemisphere species of the predaceous midge genus Echinohelea, with descriptions of six new species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Insecta Mundi 8(3-4): 227-242.

Wright, P.J.; Easton, C.S.. 1996. Natural incidence of Laegenidium giganteum Couch (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) infecting the biting midge Culicoides molestus (Skuse) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 35: 131-134.

Young, A.M.; Severson, D.W. 1994. Comparative analysis of steam distilled floral oils of cacao cultivars (Theobroma cacao L., Sterculiaceae) and attraction of flying insects: Implications for a Theobroma pollination syndrome. Journal of Chemical Ecology 20(10): 2687-2703.