Greetings to you as we near the end of 1995. I wish for each of you the very best for the Holiday Season. As we survey the state of our science, I feel some optimism. The year of 1995 has been productive from our review of the literature on Ceratopogonidae, and notes from other scientists. The Biting Fly Workshop and Livestock Insects meetings from all reports continue to provide good opportunities for interaction among the group.

    I regret to pass the news of the death of Dr. Larry G. Pappas on June 20, 1995. I first met Larry when he and Carol (accompanied by their two daughters) attended the 1988 Biting Fly Workshop, sponsored by Dr. Gary Mullen (Auburn University) at the Solon Dixon Forestry Preserve near Andalusia, Alabama. We all had a great time at the meeting (after a sumptious meal of crayfish, seafoods and libations), Larry, Carol and the girls were brave enough to take a tour of the Preserve in the GSU Van chauffeured by yours truly. We found (yes, we stopped on the edge) a limestone sink which was some 50 meters across, and we all enjoyed a look at this large natural wonder. Larry Pappas was a distinguished ceratopogonid worker and had taught biology at Peru State College for 16 years (obituary enclosed).

    I also regret to note the untimely death of Charles "Chuck" N. McKinnon. Charles was a bright scientist and had been employed at the USDA, ABADRL in Laramie, Wyoming for a number of years. Walter Tabachnick has requested that any contributions be made to the Charles McKinnon Memorial Fund (see note enclosed).

    I have received research updates from a number of scientists for this issue. Appreciate the excellent participation by all contributors. I encourage each of you to continue your efforts to communicate via the CIE.

    Would those of you who have access to e-mail please send me an e-mail of your address? As we continue to use the communication power of the Internet, we may be able to correspond more via e-mail. A listing of your e-mail addresses given thus far is enclosed and will be updated in a future issues of the CIE. Please let me know of your activities in your Ceratopogonid work for the next CIE issue due out in May.
    Thanks and best regards,
                                                                                    Sincerely,
                                                                                    Daniel V. Hagan, Ph.D.

Summary of CIE Contents:
Announcements ......................................................... 2
Contributions from Cerat. Scientists ......................... 3
Obituary for Dr. Larry Pappas .................................. 5
Listing of publications of Dr. Larry Pappas .............. 6
Listing of publications of Dr. Robert Jones ...............7
Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae .....................11
New Publications..................................................... 15

    For CIE Participants, please send me your e-mail address to dhagan@GaSoU.edu.  As a service to you ,we pass on this listing of addresses for individuals active in Ceratopogonidae work.

    Jim Goodwin, Lane Foil, and Jimmy Wedincamp are hosting the 1996 Biting Fly Workshop in Louisiana. They will be holding our traditional portion of the workshop at Chico State Park in Central Louisiana, May 15-16, 1996. Informal presentations will be conducted there Wednesday and Thursday morning and collecting trips will be in the afternoon.

    Cabins will be available at this location by reservation. To reserve cabins at Chico State Park, please contact Jimmy Wedincamp, As Soon As Possible. Prices are as follows: Small 2 bedroom cabins with 1 double bed in each room @ $45.00/night. Large 2 bedroom cabins with 1 double bed and 2 single beds @ $60.00/night. There are also 2 day beds in each large cabin.

    A short drive away is Thistlewaite Wildlife Management Area, where Lane Foil has conducted much of his research on tabanids. Collecting trips to this area will be arranged for Wed. and Thurs. afternoons (May 15-16, 1996). If participants will bring a pair of their favorite traps, we can play some electric grid games regarding trap efficiency. You may contact Lane Foil if you have specific studies in mind. Arrangements can be made for those who would like to stay an additional day or so to conduct experiments or just have fun.

    They also intend to host a Formal Symposium in New Orleans May 13-14, 1996, on Host-seeking Behavior of Diurnally Active Dipteran Pests of Livestock. Lecturers who have accepted invitations to attend the symposium are Glyn Vale, John Hargrove, Steve Torr, Jerry Butler, Jim Sutcliffe, Gethin Thomas (tentative), and Martin Hall. There will be comprehensive 45 min to 1 hr. presentations on tsetse, tabanids, stable flies, black flies, horn flies, head flies, and screwworm. Then Glyn Vale will summarize the meeting and give us some thoughts on areas for future research. Having the symposium in New Orleans is about the only way we can get this group together and not have it interfere with the Workshop. They hope some or all of the lecturers will want to attend the traditional Workshop. If you intend to attend the talks in New Orleans, please contact Jimmy as soon as possible. They will line up the meeting hotel after they get an idea of the potential attendance.

    For more info contact: Jimmy Wedincamp, Dept. of Entomology, Lousiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-1710 USA, Voice: 504-388-1634, FAX: 504-388-1643.

    The colleagues and friends of Charles N. McKinnon have begun a fund in Charles' memory. The purpose of this fund will be to endow an award at the University of Wyoming, the "Charles N. McKinnon Award in Entomology." This award will be given annually to an outstanding student in the field of entomology to be awarded by the Department of Plant, Soils, and Insect Sciences. The memorial funds will be deposited in the "Charles N. McKinnon Memorial Fund" account. The account will be applied to purchase a book of entomology that will be presented to the outstanding student at an annual University Awards Banquet.

    You are encouraged to contribute to establish this memorial to our friend. Please send your contribution in the form of a check made out to the "Charles N. McKinnon Memorial Fund" to:

Please include the account number on your check. Acct. No. 23419.

Contribution from: John P.T. Boorman, 6, Beckingham Road, Guildford, Surrey GU2 6BN, U.K.

    Although semi-retired, I continue to keep up with work on Ceratopogonidae and am trying to reduce a backlog of work which should have been completed years ago. This includes finding and adding a couple of species to the British list (Alluaudomyia falcata and Forcipomyia brevicubitus), describing a new species of Culicoides from Italy (which superficially closely resembles C. oxystoma in wing markings, but differs in other major respects), and looking at ceratopogonids from Malta for Dr. Gatt and Dr. Ebejer. I have also been trying to sort out the British Ceratopogonidae, and have complied a series of notes with illustrations of male genitalia of almost all the species. What would we do now without word processors and scanners?

    This all keeps me busy, in between gardening and DIY projects. Does anyone out there collect insects on stamps? There are none featuring biting midges, although Simulium is represented and also several mosquitoes.

Contribution from: Art Borkent, 1171 Mallory Road, R1-S20-C43, Enderby, British Columbia, V0E 1V0, Canada

    Announce publication: Borkent, A. 1995. Biting Midges in the Cretaceous Amber of North America (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). 237 p., 27 b/w pls, f. piece. Hardbound. NLG. 106,00; info avail by internet at backhuys@euronet.nl

Contribution from: William L. Grogan, Jr. Dept. of Biological Sciences, Salisbury State Univ., Salisbury MD 21801-6857

    I continue to work diligently as coediting with Wayne Mathis the Festschrift for W.W. Wirth to be published in the Memoirs of Wash. Entomol. Soc. in 1996.

Contribution from: Larry Hribar, Florida Medical Entomology Lab., Vero Beach FL

    I just received a reprint of a note that would be interesting to include in the literature citation section of CIE.

    Graham, T.B. 1994. Predation by dipteran larvae on fairy shrimp (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Utah rock pools. Southwestern Naturalist 39(2): 206-207.

Contribution from: Doug Kettle, Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia

    Pleased to note that the second edition of my textbook Medical and Veterinary Entomology should be out by October 1995. (See summary).

Contribution from: Brad Mullens, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521

    Our research group has been growing recently. The effort now is focused almost entirely on Culicoides research, and I am absolutely delighted. The UCR crew now consists of myself, Staff Research Associates Rob Velten, Corki Szijj and Katherine Luhring, graduate students Alec Gerry (Ph.D.) and Mark Breidenbaugh (M.S.) and laboratory assistant Teresa Chin.

    We have several research projects ongoing, as follows:

    1) A 4 year bluetongue epidemiology study (USDA-funded) was started last fall, with the aim of relating virus transmission to sentinel calves to components of vector capacity of C. variipennis sonorensis. We are following numbers, parity, assessing vector competence with wild-caught nullipars (for now with a local strain of BTV10), and are carefully monitoring temperatures. All parous flies are being processed to determine natural infection levels. We are grateful to colleagues at UC Davis (esp. Jim MacLachlan) and USDA-ABADRL (esp. Jim Mecham and Gregg Hunt) for laboratory support in these studies.

    Southern Calif. is a great place to do these baseline studies due to the fact that variipennis essentially is the only Culicoides present in significant numbers in this dairy region (amazing, but true!), the dependability of virus transmission (older cows are mostly seropositive), the ease of using large numbers of dairy calves for frequent, repeated bleeding (identified as individuals), and the substantial amount of background information we now have on the vector in this area. Alec Gerry is working on the project for his Ph.D., with assistance from most of the rest of us on various aspects. We saw no virus transmission during the summer, despite trap collections averaging over 5,000 females/trap/night (suction traps, 1000 ml CO2/min. and no light, 10 trap nights/week). Transmission began in September and continues to the present; seropositivity now is 15-20% of our sentinel calves.

    2)Mark Breidenbaugh has been working to describe the immatures of desert Culicoides, some of which may be involved in bluetongue transmission to desert bighorn sheep. The primary method thus far has been to collect host-seeking (identifiable) females, feed them on blood with a membrane feeder in the lab., collect eggs by decapitation, and rear the progeny of that female on either agar and nematodes (Pelodera, Panagrellus) or our usual variipennis nutrient-rich water. He also has done some work using emergence traps and collecting substrate from the field. He is using SEM to look at eggs and primarily is using light microscopy to look at the larvae and pupae. The egg morphology has been especially interesting, with substantial variability among species. Larry Hribar, Art Borkent and Bill Grogan have been quite helpful with advice. I doubt whether Bill G. will head with us to the desert in the summer again, however, at least not until he forgets his brush with heatstroke!

    3) Rob Velten has been focusing on morphological variability within specific populations of C. v. sonorensis and C. v. occidentalis over time, particularly those characters used by Wirth and Jones in the original subspecies designation. The forms will hybridize both directions and produce viable offspring in the lab which have been maintained for several generations. SEM has been useful to examine the egg morphology as well as to quantify numbers of spicules on the male aedeagus, a good method (the only dependable character we have found to date) for separating occidentalis and sonorensis adults. We are in touch with Walter Tabachnick and Bill Grogan periodically on this, and greatly regret the passing of Charles McKinnon (ABADRL), who probably had seen more variipennis adults from more areas than anyone else. Some of the hybrids have been sent to ABADRL, where they hopefully can be subjected to isozyme analysis.

    4) Katherine Luhring is studying Heleidomermis magnapapula interactions with variipennis, which has turned out to be quite fascinating. This also is a USDA-funded effort. The mermithid will attack other larval Culicoides, but so far has not developed completely in any except C. v. sonorensis and C. v. occidentalis. Mark Breidenbaugh also is involved in the host range studies. Katherine just finished a study on salt and pollution tolerance, which we recently sent to Environ. Entomol. Compared with the famous mosquito parasite Romanomermis, Heleidomermis is pretty tolerant of salts and pollution (not too surprising, considering the host habitat). C. v. occidentalis is quite susceptible to parasitism in the laboratory, but field populations lack the parasite due to the hypersaline conditions. Preparasites are the most sensitive and ephemeral stage, while adult females are comparatively tough. Our published work (see J. Nematol.) shows preparasites die within a day or two (at most) at room temperatures, but recent work shows their infectivity drops much faster than that. Laboratory and field studies have shown that it is mainly the first and second instars which are attacked. Older larvae are spatially separated, to some extent, from the preparasites, take longer for the nematodes to enter, and are more able to encapsulate the mermithids. Even so, parasitism of later stage larvae allows some parasites to carry over to the adult stage for dispersal. Past methods of gauging parasite impact (emergence of mermithids from L4 hosts) greatly underestimate the impact of the mermithid; many hosts are killed as early instars by parasite attack. Katherine also has been working on ways to improve production efficiency; the nematode can be produced easily in vivo in limited numbers (hundreds of females at a time), but we hope to do better.

    We recently have found what appears to be a new iridescent virus attacking variipennis larvae in dairy wastewater ponds. Rob Velten has shown the early stage larvae (especially L2) are killed at significant levels, which is unusual for such a virus. While it is still early in our investigations, it certainly appears that preparasites of H. magnapapula are vectoring the virus into the larvae. Laboratory infection without mermithids is very inefficient, while infection in the presence of preparasites is highly efficient. 

    This summer I visited St. Petersburg, Russia with 7 participants in a "History of Biology" course. My university has an exchange agreement with St. Petersburg St. Tech. University and we stayed on their campus. I was able to see Dr. Valentina Glukhova on four of the five days of our visit. On the evening of July 30, I had tea with Valentina and Andre Przhiboro at Andre's apartment. Andre is completing his research on littoral biology at the White Sea and needs assistance in getting some of his manuscripts submitted to western journals. Please contact me if you would like to help Andre. On August 1, Dr. Glukhova spoke to our group about the history of field biology in the former Soviet Union and included accounts of her extensive and sometimes dangerous travels to collect ceratopogonids. On the following day she led a field trip to an extensive bog area outside of St. Petersburg where she demonstrated her technique for collecting ceratopogonid pupae. On August 3 I met with her briefly in St. Peter's Square to discuss ceratopogonid research.

    It was my priviledge to meet Dr. Glukhova for the first time during my first visit to St. Petersburg in May of 1994. Also, I was able to see her again at the International Congress of Dipterology in August of 1994 at Guelph, Ontario. My most recent meetings with her were productive since we were able to discuss the specifics of a proposal for a collaborative research project soon to be submitted to NSF. We would like to study the subgenus Amossovia of Culicoides worldwide, looking at all developmental stages. The proposal, if funded, would allow Valentina to come to the U.S.(Nashville) for an extended period of time and also provide purchase new equipment which would return with her St. Petersburg. Dr. Alan L. Dyce has been quite helpful with suggestions for our research, sources of specimens, etc. We would appreciate comments from "veteran" grant writers out there who have written grant proposals for similar projects. John Linley was instrumental in setting up this collaborative research and we intend to follow through with it.

C. Steven Murphree, Ph.D.

    Sent note of an abstract of paper entitled: Influences of vector biology on transmission of arborviruses and outbreaks of disease: the Culicoides brevitarsis model. IN Press: Veterinary Microbiology 1996.

Larry G. Pappas, Ph.D. (1946-1995)

    Dr. Larry Pappas, Biology Professor at Peru State College, in Peru, Nebraska died June 20, 1995 after being struck by a vehicle while riding his bicycle on a rural highway near Indian Cave State Park.

    Larry was born November 16, 1946, in Chadron, Nebraska and he grew up in the Scottsbluff, Nebraska area. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree at Hiram Scott College in Scottsbluff, Nebraska in 1969. He obtained his Masters degree in Zoology from the University of Wyoming in 1971, and his Ph.D. degree in Entomology from the University of Illinois in 1975.

    Before joining the Peru State faculty, Larry had taught or done research at the University of Illinois, VPI in Blacksburg, Virginia, and the College of Saint Teresa in Winona, Minnesota.

    Dr. Pappas had taught Biology at Peru State for 16 years. He was considered a topnotch professor who demanded excellence in his students. Many believed Larry was one of the finest teachers at the college. Not only did he teach a full load of classes every semester, but he also conducted an active research program involving undergraduate students. Some of Larry's students won national research competitions against graduate students at meetings of the Entomological Society of America and the American Mosquito Control Association. In addition, Dr. Pappas attracted more than $300,000 in research grants to the college.

    Dr. Pappas lived in Auburn, Nebraska. He was divorced and had two daughters: Ellen, a student at Florida State University, and Emily of Manhattan, Kansas.

Culicoides PUBLICATIONS OF DR. LARRY G. PAPPAS

1. Pappas, C.D. and L.G. Pappas. 1989. Culicoides elemae, a new species in the Culicoides guttipennis species group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 62:228- 233.

2. Pappas, C.D. and L.G. Pappas. 1989. Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species in southeastern Nebraska. J. Amer. Mosq. Cont. Assoc.5: 42-44.

3. Pappas, C.D. and L.G. Pappas. 1990. Habitat pH characteristics of tree hole Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Amer. Mosq. Cont. Assoc. 6:99-100.

4. Kruger, E.L., L.G. Pappas, and C.D. Pappas. 1990. Habitat and temporal partitioning in tree hole Culicoides. J. Amer. Mosq. Cont. Assoc. 6:390-393.

5. Pappas, L.G., S. Moyer, and C.D. Pappas. 1991. Tree hole Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Central Plains of the United States. J. Amer. Mosq. Cont. Assoc. 7:624-627.

6. Lamberson, C., C.D. Pappas, and L.G. Pappas. 1992. Taxonomy of the tree hole Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Eastern North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 85:111-120.

1. Dicke, R.H., Lugthart, G.J., and Jones, R.H. Control of maggots in turkey dung with malathion. J. Econ. Entomol. 49:342-343. 1955.

2. Jones, R.H. The Culicoides of Wisconsin. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 204 pages. 1955. (Thesis)

3. Jones, R.H. The Culicoides of Wisconsin (Diptera, Heleidae). Summary Doctoral Dissertations. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 16:93-94. 1956. (Abstract)

4. Jones, R.H. New species of Culicoides from Wisconsin. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 58:25-33. 1956.

5. Jones, R.H. A report on the colonization of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett), the possible vector of bluetongue of sheep in the Southwest. Bull. Entomol.Soc.Amer. 2:22. 1956. (Abstract)

6. Wirth, W.W., and Jones, R.H. Three new North American species of tree-hole Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). Entomol.Soc.Wash. 58:161-168. 1956.

7. Jones, R.H. The laboratory colonization of Culicoides variipennis (Coq.). J. Econ. Entomol. 50:107-108. 1957.

8. Jones, R.H., Brundrett, H.M., and Radeleff, R.D. Ranch tests against cattle grubs with the systemic insecticide Dow ET-57. Agricultural Chemicals 12(7):45, 96. 1957.

9. Wirth, W.W., and Jones, R.H. The North American subspecies of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera, Heleidae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull 1170, 35 p. 1957.

10. Jones, R.H., and Wirth, W.W. New records, synonomy, and species of Texas Culicoides (Diptera, Heleidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 31:81-91. 1958.

11. Jones, R.H. Culicoides breeding in human sewage sites of dwellings in Texas. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 19:164-167. 1959.

12. Jones, R.H. Mass-production methods for the colonization of Culicoides variipennis sonorensis. J.Econ. Entomol. 53:731-735. 1960.

13. Jones, R.H. Some observations on biting flies attacking sheep. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 21:113-115. 1961.

14. Jones R.H. Equipment for blood feeding and holding large numbers of Culicoides in experiments with sheep. J. Econ. Entomol. 54:816-818. 1961.

15. Jones, R.H. Observations on the larval habitats of some North American species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 54:702-710. 1961.

16. Jones, R.H. Description of pupae of thirteen North American species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc.Amer. 54:729-746. 1961.

17. Jones, R.H. Rearing records for Culicoides loughnani Edwards (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 55:721-722. 1962.

18. Harris, R.L., and Jones, R.H. Larvicide tests with colony-reared Culicoides variipennis. J. Econ. Entomol. 55:575-576. 1962.

19. Jones, R.H. Mass-production methods in rearing Culicoides variipennis. Proc. Insect Rearing and Nutrition Conference, Excelsior Springs, Missouri. 1963

20. Foster, N.M., Jones, R.H., and McCrory, B.R. Preliminary investigations on insect transmission of bluetongue virus in sheep. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 24:1195-1200 1963.

21. Jones, R.H. Mass production methods in rearing Culicoides variipennis. In "Symposium on culture procedures for arthropod vectors and their biological control agents". Bull. W.H.O. 31:571-572. 1964.

22. Jones, R.H. Epidemiological notes: Incidence of Culicoides variipennis in an outbreak of bluetongue disease. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 25:217-218. 1965.

23. Jones, R.H. Some procedures and related equipment for disease-transmission research with Culicoides. J.Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 26:179-184. 1966.

24. Jones, R.H. Culicoides biting midges. Pages 115-125, in C.N. Smith, ed., Insect Colonization and Mass Production. Academic Press, New York. 1966.

25. Jones, R.H. and Foster, N.M. The transmission of bluetongue virus to embryonating chicken eggs by Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) infected by intrathoracic inoculation. J.Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 26:185-189. 1966.

26. Bowne, J.G., and Jones, R.H. Observations on bluetongue virus in the salivary glands of an insect vector, Culicoides variipennis. Virology 30:127-133. 1966.

27. Jochim, M.M., and Jones, R.H. Multiplication of bluetongue virus in Culicoides variipennis following artificial infection. Amer. J. Epidemiol. 84: 241-246. 1966.

28. Jones, R.H. Some irradiation studies and related biological data for Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60:836-846. 1967.

29. Jones, R.H. An overwintering population of Culicoides in Colorado. J. Med. Entomol. 4:461-463. 1967.

30. Jones, R.H. An improved larval medium for colonized Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopotonidae). Bull. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 13:157, 200. 1967.

31. Luedke, A.J., Jones, R.H., and Jochim, M.M. Transmission of bluetongue between sheep and cattle by Culicoides variipennis. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 28:457-460. 1967.

32. Foster, N.M., Jones, R. H., and Luedke, A.J. Transmission of attenuated and virulent bluetongue virus with Culicoides variipennis infected orally via sheep. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 29:275-279. 1968.

33. Jones, R.H., Potter, H.W., and Baker, S.K. An improved larval medium for colonized Culicoides variipennis. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:1483-1486. 1969.

34. Jones, R.H., and Luedke, A.J. Epidemiological notes: Two bluetongue epizootics. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 29:461-464. 1969.

35. Luedke, A.J., Jochim, M.M., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue in cattle: Viremia. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 30:511-516. 1969.

36. Luedke, A.J., Jochim, M.M., Bowne, J.G., and Jones, R.H. Observations on latent bluetongue virus infection in cattle. J. Amer. Vet Med. Assoc. 156:1871-1879. 1970.

37. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. Transovarian transmission of bluetongue virus unlikely for Culicoides variipennis. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 31:434-437. 1971.

38. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. The effect of repeated blood meals infective for bluetongue on the infection rate of Culicoides variipennis. J. Med. Entomol. 8:499-501. 1971.

39. Jones, R.H. Laboratory studies on transmission of virus diseases by Culicoides variipennis. Abstracts 14th International Congress Entomology, Canberra, Australia, 1972: 277. 1972.

40. Jones, R.H., and Potter, H.W. A six-position artificial feeding apparatus for Culicoides variipennis. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 32:520-527. 1972.

41. Jones, R.H., Potter, H.W., and Rhodes, H.A. Ceratopogonidae attacking horses in South Texas during the 1971 VEE epidemic. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 32: 507-509. 1972.

42. Luedke, A.J., and Jones, R.H. Storage of bluetongue virus-infected Culicoides variipennis. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 33: 1875-1878. 1972.

43.Jones, R.H. Selection of genetic variants from Culicoides populations with reference to vector competence. Pages 1, 30, "Factors affecting the competence of Diptera as vectors of arboviruses and filariae:, U.S. - Japan Program Workshop, Berkeley, CA. 1973.

44. Poster, N.M., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue virus transmission with Culicoides varipennis via embryonating chicken eggs. J. Med. Entomol. 10: 529-532. 1973.

45. Foster, N.M., Breckon, R.D., Luedke, A.J., Jones, R.H., and Metcalf, H.E. Biological transmission of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in deer by Culicoides variipennis. Conf. Res. Workers Anim. Dis. 1973.

46. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. Oral infection of Culicoides variipennis with bluetongue virus: Development of susceptible and resistant lines from a colony population. J. Med. Entomol. 11:316-323. 1974.

47.Luedke, A.J., Walton, T.E., and Jones, R.H. Detection of bluetongue virus in bovine semen. In "20th World Vet. Congr." Thessaloniki, Greece, 1975. 1975:909-910.

48. Hayes, R.O., Francy, D.B., Lazuick, J.S., Smith, G.C., and Jones, R.H. Arbovirus surveillance in six states during 1972. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25:463-476. 1976.

49. Luedke, A.J. Jones, R.H., and Jochim, M.M. Serial cyclic transmission of bluetongue virus in sheep and Culicoides variipennis. Cornell Vet. 66:536-550. 1976.

50. Jones, R.H. Culicoides variipennis, a model for vector competence studies. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 37:284-285. 1977.

51. Jones, R.H. and Akey, D.R. Biting flies attacking Holstein cattle in bluetongue enzootic area in Colorado, 1976. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 37:372-375. 1977.

52. Jones, R.H., Hayes, R.O., Potter, H.W., and Francy, D.B. A survey of biting files attacking equines in three states of the southwestern United States, 1972. J. Med Entomol. 14: 441-447. 1977.

53. Jones, R. H., Roughton, R.D., Foster, N.M., and Bando, B.M. Culicoides, the vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer in Kentucky in 1971. J. Wildl. Dis. 13:2-8. 1977.

54. Foster, N.M., Breckon, R.D., Luedke, A.J., and Jones, R.H. Transmission of two strains of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in deer by Culicoides variipennis. J. Wildl. Dis. 13:9-16. l977.

55. Foster, N.M., Metcalf, H.E., Barber, T.L., Jones, R.H., and Luedke, A.J. Concurrent isolation of bluetongue and EHD viruses from a naturally infected dairy heifer and the insect vector. Conf. Res. Workers Anim. Dis. 1977:14. 1977.

56. Bando, R.M., and Jones, R.H. A microsassay system to isolate bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses from the biting gnat, Culicoides varipennis. American Assoc. Vet. Diagnosticians; January 15-22, 1977; Guanajuato, Mexico. 1: 361-370. 1977.

57. Bando, B.M., and Jones, R.H. Microassay of bluetongue virus from Culicoides variipennis. pp. 667-673 in R.T. Acton and J.D. Lynn, eds., Cell Culture and Its Applications. Academic Press, New York, 1977.

58. Luedke, A.J., Walton, T.E., and Jones, R.H. Detection of bluetongue virus in bovine semen. Proc. 20th World Veterinary Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 1975. 1975(3):2039-2042. 1977.

59. Luedke, A.J., Jones, R.H., and Walton, T.E. Overwintering mechanism for bluetongue virus: Biological recovery of latent virus from a bovine by bites of Culicoides variipennis. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 26:313-325. 1977.

60. Luedke, A.J., Jochim, M.M., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue in cattle: Effects of Culicoides variipennis-transmitted bluetongue virus on pregnant heifers and their calves. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 38:1687-1695. 1977.

61. Luedke, A.J., Jochim, M.M. and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue in cattle: Effects of vector-transmitted bluetongue virus on calves previously infect in utero. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 38:1697-1700. 1977.

62. Luedke, A.J., Jochim, M.M., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue in cattle: Repeated exposure of two immunologically tolerant calves to bluetongue virus by vector bites. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 38:1701-1704. 1977.

63. Jones, R.H. Culicoides and Leptoconops. Pages 31-35, R. Bram, ed., In "Surveillance and Collection of Arthropods of Veterinary Importance". USDA Handbook 518. 1978.

64. Jones, R.H. Control of Culicoides variipennis on farms and ranches--water management. Proc. West Central Mosquito Vector Control Assoc., 1977. 3:17-28. 1978.

65. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. Relevance of laboratory colonies of the vector in arbovirus research--Culicoides variipennis and bluetongue. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:168-177. 1978.

66. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. Heterogeneity of Culicoides variipennis field populations to oral infection with bluetongue virus. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:178-183. 1978.

67. Jones, R.H., Walton, T.E., and Foster, N.M. Culicoides variipennis as a model for research with filarial worms. In "Fourth International Congress of Parasitology", Warsaw, Poland. (G): 18. 1978.

68. Jones, R.H., and Wirth, W.W. A new species of Western Culicoides of the Stonei group (Diptera: Cereratopogonidae). Entomol. News. 89:56-58. 1978.

69. Akey, D.H., Potter, H.W., and Jones, R.H. Effects of rearing temperature and larval density on longevity, size, and fecundity in the biting gnat, Culicoides variipennis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 71:411-418. 1978.

70. Collins, R.C., and Jones, R.H. Laboratory transmission of Onchocerca cervicallis with Culicoides variipennis. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:46-50. 1978.

71. Luedke, A.J., Jochim, M.M., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue in cattle: Effects of vector transmitted bluetongue virus on calves previously infected in utero. Immun. Abs. 1978.

72. Jones, R.H. Luedke, A.J., Foster, N.M., and Metcalf, H.E. Review of an epizootiological study of a severe outbreak of bluetongue virus (BTV) in sheep near Bruneau, Idaho. Conf. Res. Workers Anim. Dis. 1979.

73. Foster, N.M., and Jones, R.H. Multiplication rate of bluetongue virus in the insect vector Culicoides variipennis infected orally. J. Med. Entomol. 15:302-303. 1979.

74. Foster, N.M., and Jones, R.H. Effect of normal and supranormal concentrations of bluetongue virus on the infection rate of the vector Culicoides variipennis. Ann. Mtg. Amer. Soc. Microbiol. 1979:286. 1979.

75. Lillie, T.H., Jones, R.H., Marquardt, W.C., and Simpson, R.G. A lightweight, portable, and inexpensive baffle trap for collecting Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 39:675-677. 1979.

76. Luedke, A.J., Metcalf, H.E., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue, a pain in the neck. International Limousin J. 106-107. July, 1979.

77. Jones, R.H. and Collins, R.C. Culicoides variipennis and Onchocerca cervicallis as a model for human onchocerciasis. Ann. Parasitol. 54: 249-250, 1979.

78. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. Culicoides variipennis: Threshold to infection for bluetongue virus. Ann. Parasitol. 54:250, 1979.

79. Jones, R.H., and Schmidtmann, E.T. Colonization of Culicoides variipennis variipennis from New York. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 40:191-193. 1980.

80. Barnard, D.R., and Jones, R.H. Diel and seasonal patterns of flight activity of Ceratopogonidae in northeastern Colorado: Culicoides. Environ. Entomol. 9:446-451. 1980.

81. Barnard, D.R., and Jones, R.H. Culicoides variipennis: Seasonal abundance, overwintering, and voltinism in northeastern Colorado. Environ. Entomol. 9:709-712. 1980.

82. Foster, N.M., Metcalf, H.E., Barber, T.L., Jones, R.H., and Luedke, A.J. Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus isolations from vertebrate and invertebrate hosts at a common geographic site. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176: 126-129. 1980.

83. Jones, R.H. and Collins, R.C. Culicoides variipenis and Onchocerca cervicallis as a model for human onchocercaisis. Pages 1012-1013, in W. Slusarki, ed., Review of Advances in Parasitology. Polish Scientific Publ., Warsaw, Poland. Ceratopogonidae Roundtable in, Proc. 4th International Congress Parasitol., Warsaw, Poland. 1981.

84. Foster, N.M. and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue virus infection in salivary glands of Culicoides variipennis. Proc. Annu. Mtg. Elec. Micros. Soc. Amer. 39:394-395. 1981.

85. Foster, N.M., and Jones, R.H. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection in salivary glands of Culicoides variipennis. Proc. Annu. Mtg. Elec. Micros. Soc. Amer. 39:396-397. 1981.

86. Foster, N.M., Jones, R.H., and Walton, T.E. Culicoides variipennis infection and transmission rates for virulent bluetongue virus. Proc. Annu. Mtg. Amer. Soc. Microbiol. 1981:250. 1981.

87. Lillie, T.H., Jones, R.H., and Marquardt, W.C. Micronized fluorescent dusts for marking Culicoides variipennis adults. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 41:356-358. 1981.

88. Lillie, T.H., Marquardt, W.C., and Jones, R.H. The flight range of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Canad. Entomol. 113: 419-426. 1981.

89. Jones, R.H. Biting flies collected from recumbent bluetongue-infected sheep in Idaho. J. Amer. Mosquito Control Assoc. 41:183. 1981.

90. Jones, R.H. and Foster, N.M. Vector competence of Culicoides variipennis with bluetongue virus. Proc. West Central Mosquito Control Assoc. 6:46. 1981.

91. Jones, R.H., Luedke, A.J., Walton, T.E., and Metcalf, H.E. Bluetongue in the United States: An entomological perspective toward control. World Animal Review (FAO) 38:2-8. 1981.

92. Jones, R.H., and Foster, N.M. Outbreaks of bluetongue are related to the normal suppression of vector capacity by the environment. Proc.West Central Mosquito & Vector Control Assoc. 7: 14. 1982.

93. Jones, R.H., Schmidtmann, E.T., and Foster, N.M. Vector-competence studies for bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses with Culicoides venustus (Ceratopogonidae). J. Amer Mosquito Control Assoc. 43:184-185. 1983.

94. Akey, D.H., Jones, R.H., and Walton, T.E. Systems analysis and automated data processing in insect rearing. A system for the biting gnat Culicoides variipennis and for mosquitoes. Pages 269-291 King, E.G.; Leppla, N.C. Advances and challenges in insect rearing. Washington, D.C.: USDA, ARS Publication; 269-291. 1984.

95. Barber, T.L., and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue virus, serotype 2: Vector transmission and pathogenicity for sheep. Proc. U. S. Anim. Health Assoc. 88:545-555. 1984.

96. Kramer, W.L., Jones, R.H., Holbrook, F.R., and Walton, T.E. Entomological investigations of a vesicular stomatitis virus epizootic in Colorado in 1982. Annu. Mtg. Amer. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1984:286. 1984.

97. Kramer, W.L., Jones, R.H., Holbrook, F.R., and Walton, T.E. Entomological investigations of a vesicular stomatitis virus epizootic in Colorado. Proceedings of the International Conference on Vesicular Stomatitis; Mexico City, 193-199. 1984.

98. Luedke, A.J. and Jones, R.H. Bluetongue: Diagnosis and significance in the bovine animal. Bovine Practitioner 19:79-86. 1984.

99. Walton, T.E., Barber, T.L., Jones, R.H., and Luedke, A.J. Epizootiology of bluetongue virus: Transmission cycle, vector, and serotypic distribution in the Americas. Prev. Vet. Med 2:379-388. 1984.

100. Walton, T.E., Webb, P.A., Kramer, W.L., Smith, G.E., Davis, T., Holbrook, F., Moore, C., Shieffer, T., Jones, R.H., Jacobs, W.L., and Janney, G. Epidemiologic, entomologic and virologic investigations during an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey) in Colorado, 1982. Prologue and Epidemiologic Studies. Proceedings of the International Conference on Vesicular Stomatitis; Mexico City; 180-192. 1984.

101. Akey, D.H., Luedke, A.J., and Jones, R.H. Salivary gland homogenates from the vector Culicoides variipennis may aid in detection of bluetongue virus in chronically infected cattle. 178: 135-145. 1985.

102. Chandler, L.J., Ballinger, M.E., Jones, R.H., and Beaty, B.J. The virogenesis of bluetongue virus in Culicoides variipennis. Barber T.L.; Jochim, M.M. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. New York: Alan R. Liss; 178: 245-253. 1985.

103. Jones, R.H. Methodology in preserving field-collected flies for bluetongue virus assay. Barber T.L.; Jochim, M.M. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. New York: Alan R. Liss; 178: 233-234. 1985.

104. Mullen, G.R., Jones, R.H., Braverman, Y., and Nusbaum, K.E. Laboratory infections of Culicoides debilipalpis and C. stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with bluetongue virus. Proc. Internat'l Symp., Barber T.L.; Jochim, M.M. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. New York: Alan R. Liss; 178: 239-243. 1985.

105. Jones, R.H. Vector research with the orbiviruses. Barber T.L.; Jochim M.M. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. New York: Alan R. Liss; 178: 147-149. 1985.

106. Holbrook, F.R. (Coordinator), Barber, T.L., Erasmus, R.J., Greiner, E.C., Jones, R.H., Kline, D.L., Kramer, W.L., Loomis, E.C., McConnell, S., Osburn, B.I., Standfast, H.A., Stott, T.L., Strating A., and Turner, J.C. WHO/FAO Working Team Report: Integrated disease management. Barber T. L.; Jochim M.M. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. New York: Alan R. Liss; 178: 705-711. 1985.

107. Jones, R.H. (Coordinator), Akey, D.H., Barnard, D.R., Beaty, B.J., Boorman, J.P.T., Dyce, A.L., Greiner, E.C., Kline, D.L., Kramer, W.L., Loomis, E.C., Mullens, B.A., Murray, M.D., Nevill, E.M., Standfast, H.A., Turner, J.C., and Wirth, W.W. WHO/FAO Working Team Report: Entomology. Barber T.L.; Jochim, M.M. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. Bluetongue and Related Orbiviruses. New York: Alan R. Liss; 178: 661-664. 1985.

108. Luedke, A.J., Metcalf, H.E., Jones, R.H., and Barber, T.L. Congenitally acquired bluetongue in a heifer: A case report. Amer. Assoc. Vet. Lab. Diag.; 28: 451-462. 1985.

109. Walton, T.E., Webb, P.A., Kramer, W.L., Smith, G.C., Davis, T., Holbrook, F.R., Moore, C.G., Schiefer, T.J., Jones, R.H., and Janney, G.C. Epizootic vesicular stomatitis in Colorado, 1982: Epidemiologic and entomologic studies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36: 166-176. 1987.

110. Ballinger, M.E., Jones, R.H., and Beaty, B.J. The comparative virogenesis of three serotypes of bluetongue virus in Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology; 24: 61-65. 1987

111. Kramer, W.L., Jones, R.H., Holbrook, F.R., Walton, T.E., and Calisher, C.H. Isolation of arboviruses from Culicoides midges during an epizootic of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey, 1982. J. Med. Entomol. 27: 487-493. 1990. 

(Generous thanks to Dr. Don Webb, Illinois Natural History Survey for providing this Lit. Review for CIE.)

Abella, J.A.; Manuel, M.; Cariaso, B.; Kamiya, M. 1994. Abundance and prevalence of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on some Philippine chicken farms. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(1): 45-48.

Ahiska,S.; Karabatak, M. 1994. Benthic fauna of the Lake Seyfe (Kirsehir). Turkish Journal of Biology 18(1): 61-75.

Aussel, J.P.; Linley, J.R. 1994. Natural food and feeding behavior of Culicoides furens larvae (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 31(1): 99-104.

Barnard, B.J.H. 1993. Circulation of African horsesickness virus in zebra (Equus burchelli) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, as measured by the prevalence of type specific antibodies. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 60(2): 111-117.

Barnard, B.J.H.; Paweska, J.T. 1993. Prevalence of antibodies against some equine viruses in zebra (Zebra burchelli) in the Kruger National Park, 1991-1992. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 60(3): 175-179.

Bataille, K.J.; Baldassarre, G.A. 1993. Distribution and abundance of aquatic macroinvertebrates following drought in three prairie pothole wetlands. Wetlands 13(4): 260-269.

Bellis, G.A.; Gibson, D.S.; Polkinghorne, I.G.; Johnson, S.J.; Flanagan, M. 1994. Infection of Culicoides brevitarsis and C. wadai (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with four Australian serotypes of bluetongue virus. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(3): 382-387.

Berg, S.; Jeppesen, E.; Sondergaard, M.; Mortensen, E. 1994. Environmental effects of introducing whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus in lake ring. Hydrobiologia 275-276(0): 71-79.

Bhatnagar, P.; Prasad, G.; Srivastava, R.N. 1994. Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera) as vector of bluetongue virus. Annals of Biology (Ludhiana) 10(1): 179-180.

Bishop, A.L.; McKenzie, H.J. 1994. Overwintering of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 33(2): 159-163.

Bishop, A.L.; McKenzie, H.J.; Spohr, L.J.; Barchia, I.M. 1994. Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in different farm habitats. Australian Journal of Zoology 42(3): 379-384.

Blackwell, A.; Mellor, P.S.; Mordue, W. 1994. Laboratory feeding of Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) through natural and artificial membranes. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(2): 302-305.

Blackwell, A.; Mordue, A.J.; Mordue, W. 1994. Identification of bloodmeals of the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus, by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8(1): 20-24.

Borkent, A. and Craig, D.A. 1994. The structure and function of the abdominal eversible sacs of female Bezzia varicolor (Coquillett) (Ceratopogonidae: Diptera). Canadian Entomologist 126(3): 533-541.

Braverman, Y.; Linley, J.R. 1993. Effect of light trap height on catch of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Israel. Journal of Medical Entomology 30(6): 1060-1063.

Braverman, Y.; Messaddeq, N.; Kremer, M. 1993. Abnormal features in specimens of eight Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the eastern Mediterranean area. Israel Journal of Zoology 39(2): 157-166.

Campeau, S.; Murkin, H.R.; Titman, R.D. 1994. Relative importance of algae and emergent plant litter to freshwater marsh invertebrates. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51(3): 681-692.

Charbonneau, C.S.; Drobney, R.D.; Rabeni, C.F. 1994. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on nontarget benthic organisms in a lentic habitat and factors affecting the efficacy of the larvicide. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(2): 267-279.

Clastrier, J. 1993. Contribution to the study of Ceratopogonidae from Spain: description of Forcipomyia (Thyridomyia) blascoi n. sp. (Diptera, Nematocera). 2 Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 10(2): 109-120.

Clastrier, J. 1993. Description of five new species of Stiloculicoides Wirth et Grogan originating from tropical Africa and from the French Department of Vaucluse (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie 10(2): 133-143.

Clastrier, J. 1993. Diptera Ceratopogonidae of New Caledonia: 10. Genus Monohelea. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Serie A Zoologie 157(0): 157-164.

Clastrier, J. 1994. Stilobezzia sahariensis Kieffer, 1923 and Stilobezzia aureola Clastrier, 1963 are two distinct species (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99(1): 68.

Clastrier, J.; Delecolle, J.C. 1993. Diptera Ceratopogonidae of New Caledonia: 9. Genus Forcipomyia, sub-genera Lasiohelea and Microhelea. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Serie a Zoologie 157(0): 131-156.

Clastrier, J.; Delecolle, J.C. 1994. Description of Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) musae sp. n. from French Guiana (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Revue Francaise d'Entomologie (Nouvelle Serie) 16(2): 51-56.

Clastrier, J.; Grand, D.; LeGrand, J. 1994. Exceptional observations in France of Forcipomyia (Pterobosca) paludis (Macfie), a parasite on the wings of dragonflies (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae and Odonata). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99(2): 127-130.

Cornet, M.; Brunhes, J. 1994. Revision of the Culicoides species of the Schultzei-group in the afrotropical region (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 99(2): 149-164.

De-Anda, J.H.; Salman, M.D.; Francy, D.B.; Mason, J. 1994. Entomologic survey in a cattle producing region; Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Veterinaria - Mexico 25(1): 41-44.

Felippe-Bauer, M.L.; Quintelas, A.R. 1994. Culicoides lobatoi, a new Brazilian biting midge of the Limai group (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro 89(1): 25-27.

Frenzel, M.; Dettner, K. 1994. Quantification of Cantharidin in Canthariphilous Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), Anthomyiidae (Diptera) and Cantharidin-producing Oedemeridae (Coleoptera). Journal of Chemical Ecology 20(8): 1795-1812.

Fry, L.L.; Mulla, M.S.; Adams, C.W. 1994. Field introductions and establishment of the tadpole shrimp, Triops longicaudatus (Notostraca: Triopsidae), a biological control agent of mosquitoes. Biological Control 4(2): 113-124.

Gibbs, E.P.J.; Greiner, E.C. 1994. The epidemiology of bluetongue. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 17(3-4): 207-220.

Greiner, E.C.; Mo, C.L.; Homan, E.J.; Gonzalez, J.; Oviedo, M.T.; Thompson, L.H.; Gibbs, E.P.J.; Reg-Bluetongue-Team. 1993. Epidemiology of bluetongue in Central America and the Caribbean: initial entomological findings. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7(4): 309-315.

Grogan, W.L., Jr.; De-Meillon, B. 1993 (1994). New Brachypogon, mainly from Senegal, with a key to the Afrotropical species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 29(4): 387-409.

Grootaert, P.; Meuffels, H.J.G. 1993. Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea. X. Description of new species of the marine genus Cymatopus kertesz. Invertebrate Taxonomy 7(6): 1575-1588.

Haase, A. 1993. Investigations of the macrozoobenthos in tidal pools and ditches of the North Sea coast of Schleswig-Holstein. Faunistisch-Oekologische Mitteilungen 6(9-10): 347-367.

Holbrook, F.R. 1994. Survival, fecundity, and egg fertility of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) fed on calves inoculated with ivermectin. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 10(1): 7-9.

Holbrook, F.R.; Mullens,B.A. 1994. Effects of ivermectin on survival, fecundity, and egg fertility in Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 10(1): 70-73.

Isaev, V.A. 1993. Autogenicity in the blood-sucking midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Parazitologiya (St. Petersburg) 27(4): 273-279.

Isaev, V.A. 1993. The capacity for autogenous development of follicles in the insectivorous and nectarivorous midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 72(10): 106-112.

Jusa, E.R.; Inaba, Y.; Kadoi, K.; Kurogi, H.; Fonseca, E.; Shope, E. 1994. Identification of Kagoshima and Chuzan viruses of Japan as Kasba virus, and Orbivirus of the palyam serogroup. Australian Veterinary Journal 71(2): 57.

Kitaoka, S. 1994. Three new species of the biting midge, Forcipomyia subgenus Lasiohelea from Honshu, Japan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology 45(1): 1-6.

Kjaerandsen, J. 1993. Diptera in mines and other cave systems in southern Norway. Entomologica Fennica 4(3): 151-160.

Kline, D.L.; Hagan, D.V.; Wood, J.R. 1994. Culicoides responses to 1-octen-3-ol and carbon dioxide in salt marshes near Sea Island, Georgia, USA. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8(1): 25-30.

Krzyzanek, E.; Kasza, H.; Pajak, G. 1993. The effect of water blooms caused by blue-green algae on the bottom macrofauna in the Goczalkowice Reservoir (southern Poland) in 1992. Acta Hydrobiologica 35(3): 221-230.

Lancaster, J.; Hildrew, A.G. 1993. Flow refugia and the microdistribution of lotic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 12(4): 385-393.

Maclachlan, N.J. 1994. The pathogenesis and immunology of bluetongue virus infection of ruminants. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 17(3-4): 197-206.

Maclachlan, N.J.; Nunamaker, R.A.; Katz, J.B.; Sawyer, M.M.; Akita, G.Y.; Osburn, B.I.; Tabachnick, W.J. 1994. Detection of bluetongue virus in the blood of inoculated calves: comparison of virus isolation, pcr assay, and in vitro feeding of Culicoides variipennis. Archives of Virology 136(1-2): 1-8.

Magee, P.A.; Fredrickson, L.H.; Humburg, D.D. 1993. Aquatic macroinvertebrate association with willow wetlands in northeastern Missouri. Wetlands 13(4): 304-310.

Masteller, E.C.; Buzby, K.M. 1993. Emergence phenology of Empididae, Ceratopogonidae, and Simuliidae (Diptera) from a tropical rainforest stream at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 66(2): 187-191.

McColl, K.A.; Gould, A.R.; Pritchard, L.; Melville, L.; Bellis, G. 1994. Phylogenetic characterization of bluetongue viruses from naturally-infected insects, cattle and sheep in Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 71(4): 102-105.

McKeever, S.; Hagan, D.V.; Wang, X. 1994. Comparative study of mouthparts of four species of Culicoides from Tibet. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 8(3): 255-264.

Mellor, P.S. 1994. Epizootiology and vectors of African horse sickness virus. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 17(3-4): 287-296.

Miyakawa, H.; Bamba, H.; Suganuma, F. 1993. Development of the method protecting laying hens from the biting midges with ventilation of insecticide in the open-type chicken house. Research Bulletin of the Aichi-Ken Agricultural Research Center 0(25): 357-363.

Mo, C.L.; Thompson, L.H.; Homan, E.J.; Oviedo, M.T.; Greiner, E.C.; Gonzalez, J.; Saenz, M.R.; Interam-Bluetongue-Team. 1994. Bluetongue virus isolations from vectors and ruminants in Central America and the Caribbean. American Journal of Veterinary Research 55(2): 211-215.

Mount, G.A.; Kline, D.L.; Hagan, D.V.; Grogan, W.L. 1995. Obituary: Life and work of Willis Wagner Wirth. American Entomologist 41(1): 63-64.

Mullens, B.A. 1993. In vitro assay for permethrin persistence and interference with bloodfeeding of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on animals. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 9(3): 256-259.

Mullens, B.A.; Velten, R.K. 1994. Laboratory culture and life history of Heleidomermis magnapapula in its host, Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Nematology 26(1): 1-10.

Mullens, B.A.; Velten, R.K. 1994. Rearing Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on agar and nematodes. Journal of Medical Entomology 31(1): 175-177.

Narladkar, B.W.; Shastri, U.V.; Shivuje, P.R. 1993. Seasonal prevalence of Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Marathwada region. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 63(11): 1140-1145.

Narladkar, B.W.; Shastri, U.V.; Vadlamudi, V.P.; Shivpuje, P.R. 1993. Relative toxicity of some modern insecticides against larvae of Culicoides schultzei. Indian Veterinary Journal 70(8): 766-768.

Nevill, H.; Dyce, A.L. 1994. Afrotropical Culicoides: description and comparisons of the pupae of seven species of the Similis supergroup (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 61(1): 85-106.

Overgaard-Nielsen, B.; Brunberg-Nielsen, L.; Axelsen, J.; Elmegaard, N. 1994. Winter abundance of soil Diptera larvae in arable soil. Pedobiologia 38(3): 208-221.

Paine, E.O.; Mullens, B.A. 1994. Distribution, seasonal occurrence, and patterns of parasitism of Heleidomermis magnapapula (Nematoda: Mermithidae), a parasite of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in California. Environmental Entomology 23(1): 154-160.

Park, B.K.; Chang, C.H.; Chung, C.W.; Rhee, J.C.; Kwon, K.H.; Kim, D.H.; Ahn, J.M.; Im, S.K.; Hyun, K.J. 1993. Serological monitoring on bovine ephemeral fever, ibaraki disease and akabane disease. RDA Journal of Agricultural Science Veterinary 35(1): 679-684.

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