THE CERATOPOGONIDAE INFORMATION EXCHANGE

 

      The CIE, issued twice a year (no subscription costs but donations to help with photocopying/mailing costs are welcomed), was begun

 in 1968 as a newsletter to facilitate communication between workers interested in Ceratopogonidae.  The format is extremely flexible. 

Contributions may be of any length and deal with any subject having some bearing on the study of ceratopogonids.  For example,

contributors may report their current interests or plans, observations or techniques of probable value to the readership, requests for

addresses, study material or reprints, or any other matter of concern.  The newsletter serves also as a bulletin for planning and

communicating information on meetings, symposia, workshops and so forth.  Finally, there is in every issue a compilation of recent

 literature in the field.

      Any person(s) wishing to contribute to the newsletter or to receive future issues via e-mail should contact :

 

Dr. C. Steven Murphree     e-mail: murphrees@mail.belmont.edu

Department of Biology        Phone: 615-460-6221

Belmont University              Fax: 615-460-5458

1900 Belmont Boulevard

Nashville, TN  37212-3757

U.S.A.

 

 

CIE Vol. 76 - December 2005 The Ceratopogonidae Information Exchange Newsletter


Dear Colleagues,

A great deal of research continues to be published about ceratopogonids and the diseases they vector. Allow me to especially
highlight Dr. V.M. Glukhova’s impressive “Culicoides of Russia and Adjacent Lands” cited in the recent literature section. 

Please send citations or reprints of any papers that I have not included in recent issues so that I can include them in the next

issue. My thanks again to colleagues who graciously assisted me in responding via e-mail to individuals with questions about

biting midges.

Once each year  I state my need for your financial assistance. My out-of-pocket costs for postage in mailing the December

issue to subscribers without e-mail access is typically $20-25 U.S.D. So, I still need to receive monetary contributions of

any amount to offset these fees as well as the $816.00 out-of-pocket costs that I paid for the printing and mailing of previous

issues prior to converting to e-mail distribution.

Volume 77 of this newsletter will appear in late May, 2006.  Please send research summaries and requests to me by May 15.

With kind regards,
Steve Murphree
Nashville
, Tennessee,
U.S.A.

 

 

Summary of CIE Contents:

 

Announcements

Request for Information

New CIE Members/Address Changes

Contributions from Scientists

   Recent Literature on Ceratopogonidae

     Taxonomy and Morphology
       
Ecology and Methodology
      
Bluetongue Virus and Other Pathogens

















Announcements:

 

1.  International Congress of Dipterology - 2006

 

 The 6th International Congress of Dipterology will be held at the Fukuoka International Congress Center, Fukuoka, Japan, 23-28 September

2006.  The scientific program will include symposia, workshops and poster sessions.  Themes of the scientific sessions will include:


  ・Morphology, Physiology and Ultrastructure
  ・Medical, Veterinary and Forensic Diptera
  
Agricultural Diptera
  
Behavior and Ecology
  
Biodiversity and Conservation
  
Systematics and Phylogeny
  
Genetics and Genomics
  
Collections and Databases

 

Please visit the following websites for details about expected costs, accommodations, etc.:

 

Main website:  http://apollon.nta.co.jp/6icd

NADS website: http://www.nadsdiptera.org/ICD/ICDhome.htm

 

 

 

 

Request for Information:


From: Andrea Tothova          
e-mail:  mailto:mtothova@sci.muni.cz
Masaryk University, Czech Republic

Dear colleagues,

For those who dont know me – my name is Andrea Tothova, I am a Ph.D. student interested in Ceratopogonidae.  I have asked
Dr. Art Borkent for some specimens of Atrichopogon epicautae and A. lucorum species. I was also lent the type series of A.
epicautae
from the Smithonian Institution and some specimens of A. lucorum.

I have a problem: during our study in the Czech Republic, we found some specimens which were identified as A. epicautae
following the key by Wirth (1980). The DNA analysis of 16S mtDNA showed the identity of one of these „epicautae
specimens with the male of European A.lucorum. After receiving and studying the type specimens and the material from the
Canadian National Collection, I found out interesting facts:

1. the type epicautae is totally different from the Canadian specimens
2. males described by Wirth in the above mentioned key are not Meloehelea at all (there are 2 not even similar males)
There is no A. lucorum from the U.S. in the collection (they are from England and Scotland), there is one specimen is from      
Arizona, but is different from typical A. lucorum. The Canadian lucorum  is totally different from everything...
There are a couple of conclusions – maybe it is one species, and all those differences are geographical varieties only, or the    
Canadian species are different valid species...

By this way, I would like to request that you please send to me alcohol preserved material of these two species, if you have
any in your collections, because this problem should be resolved. It would be very kind of you. Or if you know, please tell            
other colleagues who are interested in biting midges.

Thanks very much in advance for your time, patience, future help and advise.
All the best,
Andrea

RNDr. Andrea Tóthová
Department of Zoology and Ecology
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University
Kotlářská 2
611 37 Brno
Czech Republic

 

New CIE Subscribers/Address Changes:

 

  <>New Subscribers:

Aaron Lloyd     alloyd@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu
USDA,ARS attn. Aaron Lloyd
1600-1700 SW 3 Place
Gainesville, Fl. 32669
352-374-5828

Ramon Julio C. Sandoval   monjay_sandoval@yahoo.com
Department of Entomology
University of the Philippines at Los Baños
PHILIPPINES

Dr. M. Abdigoudarzi     sepehr2001ir@yahoo.com
Razi Ins.
Parasitology dep.
P.O. box 11365-1558
Tehran
IRAN

Adrian Ardelean, DVM MSc   adrian.a@mail.dntcj.ro
Veterinary State Lab.               adrian_dmv@yahoo.com
Cluj-Napoca,
ROMANIA

Dr. Hitoshi Sasaki  h-sasaki@rakuno.ac.jp
Professor of Entomology
Rakuno Gakuen University
582, Bunkyodai-Midorimachi Ebetsu,
Hokkaido 069
JAPAN

Dr. Xuyong Wang    mxwang@ksu.edu
 Department of Entomology
123 West Waters
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS  66506

Isidra Sabio             misidra98@yahoo.com
Graduate Student     Office: (225) 578-7229
Department of Entomology
Louisiana State University
402 Life sciences Bldg
Baton Rouge, LA 70803

 

 

Address Changes:

  <>
Dr. Martin Shivas     martin.shivas@dpi.qld.gov.au
Indooroopilly Science Centre
Dept. Primary Industries & Fisheries
80 Meiers Rd Indooroopilly, QLD 4068
AUSTRALIA                                  

Dr. Shahin Nawai        shahin.nawai@museum.hu-berlin.de
Zoologisches Museum   shahin.nawai@gmail.com
Diptera Abteilung         Phone: W: ++49-30-2093 8880
Invalidenstr. 43, 10115
Berlin    Fax:++49-30-2093 8528
GERMANY                  Phone: P: ++49-30-56828757

Dr. María Marcela Ronderos   ronderos@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar
Departamento de Entomología
Museo de La Plata
Paseo de Bosque s/n°
La Plata, Buenos Aires Argentina C/P 1900

Dr. Peter Havelka    mpeter.havelka@rpk.bwl.de
Postanschrift:
Regierungspräsidium Karlsruhe
Referat 56
D-76247 Karlsruhe
Adresse:
Karl-Friedrich-Straße 17
D - 76133
Karlsruhe

Professor Mike W. Service   mservice@liverpool.ac.uk
22 Caldy Road
West Kirby
Wirral CH48 2HG
UK

Dr. Paola Scaramozzino      mpaola.scaramozzino@izslt.it

 

 

 

 

Contributions from Scientists:

 

From: P. Scaramozzino, A. Magliano, F. Farina, C. De Liberato

Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy

pscaramozzino@rm.izs.it

 

Evidence of New Bluetongue Vectors and Vaccine Virus Circulation in Central Italy

 

Since summer 2000, Italy experienced Bluetongue epidemics for 4 consecutive years. Outbreaks first appeared in Sardinia, Sicily and Calabria
regions (southern
Italy), spreading the following year to almost all Central and Southern Italy. Until now the involved serotypes are 2, 4, 9 and 16.
Since 2001 serological and entomological surveillance programs based on serological tests of unvaccinated sentinel bovines and Culicoides
collections have been carried out. In 2002 massive vaccination of all susceptible ruminant domestic species (sheep, cattle, goats and water
buffaloes) started. Surveillance activities went on also during vaccination. From these programs carried out in Lazio and
Tuscany (Central Italy)
two issues elucidating important aspects of BT epidemiology came up.

 

First, we suspected the role of other Culicoides species joining C. imicola as virus vectors. In fact in the 2002 epidemic, some municipalities
of southern Lazio where C. imicola was never recorded, experienced Bluetongue outbreaks. A viral strain was isolated from pools of 20
parous
-non-blood-engorged C. obsoletus females inoculated on BHK-21 monolayers. Serum neutralization tests confirmed that the virus
isolate was Bluetongue virus serotype-2. C. obsoletus is distributed from the southern regions of
Italy up to Great Britain and is present
throughout the year in the southern part of its distribution. Hence, areas until now stated as risk free, could now be considered at risk of Bluetongue
diffusion.

Moreover, because of the unusual occurrence of several seroconversions (during 2002 and 2003 in Lazio and Tuscany) among unvaccinated
sentinels belonging to herds just vaccinated or close to areas where vaccination had been carried out, even in areas and periods never interested
by wild virus circulation, the possible circulation of Bluetongue vaccine virus serotype-2 was investigated. So far, no record of Bluetongue
vaccine virus circulation is reported in literature. Nevertheless, the possibility that attenuated virus could circulate, via active vectors, among
susceptible animals has to be considered, and even a possible reversion to virulence once the vaccine virus replicates in insects can not be
excluded. Effectively, we were able to demonstrate the presence of Bluetongue vaccine virus serotype-2 in both blood samples from unvaccinated
animals and Culicoides midges, via a specific PCR test. This is the first report of vaccine virus circulation in the field via active vectors. This
evidence is strongly supported by the simultaneous detection of vaccine virus in unvaccinated cattle and in parous-non-blood-engorged Culicoides.
Interestingly, both C. imicola and C. obsoletus were found to be positive for vaccine virus.

 

Since C. obsoletus in Italy is widespread, ubiquitous and active all year round, these findings make the planning of vaccination campaigns and
the evaluation of surveillance results difficult. More efforts will be needed to distinguish between field and vaccine strains to have a clear picture
of the current epidemiological situation. This seems to be a very critical issue in those territories free from disease/infection but bordering with zones
where vaccination is carried out.

____________________________________________________________________________

From: Larry Hribar

            Monroe County Mosquito Control District, Marathon, Florida

 

1. Ceratopogonid papers from Studia Dipterologica

 

Szadziewski, Ryszard 1996. Biting midges from Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and

Upper Cretaceous Siberian amber of Taimyr (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). - [Gnitzen

aus unterkretazischem Bernstein des Libanon und oberkretazischen Bernstein

der Taimyr Region in Sibirien (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae).] 3(1):23-86.

 

Bose, Maitri, Das Gupta, S. K. and P. K. Chaudhuri 2002[2003]. A new biting Midge of

the genus Dasyhelea Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from India. - [Eine neue

Gnitze der Gattung Dasyhelea Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) aus Indien.]

9(2): 375-377.

 

2. West Nile Virus Isolated from Culicoides sonorensis in the Western United States

 

Two pools of female Culicoides sonorensis tested positive for WNV with an infection rate of 2.31

per 1000.  To request a reprint of this paper, please contact Dr. Naugle at: dave.naugle@cfc.umt.edu

or Wildlife Biology Program, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula,

MT 59812, USA

 

Naugle, D.E. and C. L., Aldridge, et al. 2004. West Nile virus: pending crisis for greater

sage-grouse. Ecology Letters 7 (8), 704-713.

____________________________________________________________________________

From: Brian V. Brown

                Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California

                Thailand project

 

Mike Sharkey is assembling people to participate in a survey project for insects in Thailand.

This project will operate for at least 3 years, and will include Malaise trapping in 10 National

Parks per year (we will change parks yearly). He has asked me to organize a group of dipterists

who would be willing to receive material from this project. We are especially looking for people

actively working on the taxonomy of groups from this area, who could incorporate this material

 into their revisions, but also those interested in beginning work in this region of the world. Our

goals are to get new species described, document species distributions in Thailand, and to help

build the collections in both North American and Thai museums. If more than one specialist per

taxon is interested, I will encourage people to form teams to address these groups.

 

Collections would be made by National Parks staff in various locations throughout the country.

Sorters in Thailand will be trained to recognize families of Diptera (or in some cases smaller groups),

and would sort them into vials of alcohol. These vials would be shipped to participating researchers

under regular loan conditions. Needless to say, all specimens will be collected and exported legally,

with the help of our Thai collaborators.

 

The conditions on receiving the specimens would be that holotypes of new species must be returned

to one of our collaborating Thai institutions as well as 50% of the paratype material; up to 50% of the

paratypes can be retained by the investigator. Fifty percent of identified material of known species

can also be retained. Unidentified material can be retained on long-term loan, but will need to bear

labels stating the restrictions of the project (holotypes + 50% returned to Thailand). See the attached

conditions for the full language.

 

Please contact me mbbrown@nhm.org to outline your interest in this project.

 

 

Recent Literature:

 

Taxonomy and Morphology

 

Cazorla, C.G. and P.I. Marino. 2004. The pupa of Stilobezzia punctulata Lane from Peruvian

Amazonia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Amazoniana 18(1-2): 75-80.

 

Felippe-Bauer, M.L., Caceres, A.G., Silva, C.S., Valderrama-Bazan, W. and A. Gonzales-Perez.

2005. A new Culicoides (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) of the subgenus Diphaomyia from Peru

Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100(1):51-53.

 

Laender, J.O., Ribeiro, E.S., Gouveia, A.M.G., Lobato, Z.I.P. and M.L.F.Bauer. 2004. Account

of the species of Culicoides Latreille, 1809 (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) in the regions of Norte

de Minas, Jequitinhonha and Vale do Mucuri, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Entomologia y Vectores

11(1):145-157.

 

Liu Zeng-jia, Zhang Ji-jun and Zhan-Wei Gong. 2004. Descriptions on a new species of

Leptoconops and the male of Leptoconops (Holoconops) geermuensis Liu et Yu (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae). Entomotaxonomia. 26(1):49-52.

 

Ronderos, M.M., Diaz, F. and G.R. Spinelli. 2004. A new species of Dasyhelea Kieffer from

Argentina described as adult and pupa (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae). Transactions of the

American Entomological Society (Philadelphia) 130(2-3):193-200.

 

Sasaki, H., Fujikawa, M., Toma, T. and I. Miyagi. 2004. Culicoides biting midges (Diptera:

Ceratopogonidae) collected at Iriomote Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, and their blood

source. Nihon Eisei Dobutsu Gakkai the Japan Society of Medical Entomology and Zoology (2):125-127.

 

Sinha, S., Mazumdar, A. and P.K. Chaudhuri. 2005. New species of predaceous midges of the

genus Alluaudomyia Kieffer, 1913 (Insecta, Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from the coastal

region of West Bengal, India. Zoosystema 27(1):115-122.

 

Spinelli, G.R., Marino, P.I. and M.M. Ronderos. 2005. The fourth instar larva and pupa of the

Neotropical biting midge Forcipomyia (Forcipomyia) rioplatensis Marino and Spinelli

(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

107(1):108-114.

 

Spinelli, G.R., Ronderos, M.M., Diaz, F. and P.I. Marino. 2005. The bloodsucking biting midges

of Argentina (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae). Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100(2):137-150.

[A key is presented for the identification of the adults of 54 species of bloodsucking -Ed]

 

Ecology and Methodology

 

Bishop, A.L., McKenzie, H.J., Spohr, L.J. and I.M. Barchia. 2005. Interactions between dung

beetles (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) and the arbovirus vector Culicoides brevitarsis Kieffer

(Diptera :Ceratopogonidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 44(Part 2):89-96.

 

Blackwell, A., Evans, K. A., Strang, R. H. C. and M. Cole. 2004. Toward development of

neem-based repellents against the Scottish Highland biting midge Culicoides impunctatus.

Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18(4):449-452.

 

Borkent, A. 2004. 10. Ceratopogonidae. pp. 113-126. In Biology of  Disease Vectors, 2nd edition.

                William C. Marquardt (ed.). xxiii + 785 pp., Elsevier Academic Press. [An excellent book

chapter including an extensive table of organisms transmitted by ceratopogonids with notes

taxonomy, morphology, life cycles and medical & veterinary importance – Ed.]

 

Carpenter, S.,Eyres, K., McEndrick, I., Smith, L.,Turner, J. Mordue, W. and A.J. Mordue. 2005.

                Repellent efficiency of BayRepel against Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae).

Parasitology Research 95(6):427-429.

 

Mands, V., Kline, D. L. and A. Blackwell. 2004. Culicoides midge trap enhancement with animal

odour baits in Scotland. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18(4):336-342.

 

Bluetongue Virus and Other Pathogens

 

Breard, E., Sailleau, C., Hamblin, C. and S. Zientara. 2005. Bluetongue virus in the French Island

of Reunion. Veterinary Microbiology 106(3-4):157-165.

 

Broza, M., Gancz, H., Halpern, M. and Y. Kashi. 2005. Adult non-biting midges: possible windborne

carriers of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139. Environmental Microbiology 7(4):576-585. [note

that biting midges were not studied here but could be – Ed.]

 

Campbell, C.L., Vandyke, K.A., Letchworth, G.J., Drolet, B.S., Hanekamp, T. and W.C. Wilson.

2005. Midgut and salivary gland transcriptomes of the arbovirus vector Culicoides sonorensis

(Diptera : Ceratopogonidae). Insect Molecular Biology 14(2):121-136.

 

Chandel, B.S., Kher, H.N., Chauhan, H.C. and K.A. Vasava. 2004. Serological survey of

antibodies to bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants in Gujarat. Indian Veterinary Journal

81(7): 737-740.

 

Chauhan, H.C., Chandel, B.S., Gerdes, T., Vasava, K.A., Patel, A.R., Kher, H.N., Singh, V.

and R.A. Dongre. 2004. Seroepidemiology of bluetongue in dromedary camels in Gujarat,

India. Journal of Camel Practice And Research 11(2):141-145.

 

Dahiya, S., Prasad, G., Minakshi, K. and C. Ramesh. 2004. VP2 gene based phylogenetic

relationship of Indian isolates of bluetongue virus serotype different parts of the world

DNA Sequence 15(5-6):351-361.

 

Dahiya, S., Prasad, G., Minakshi, K. and R.C. Kovi. 2005. Restriction analysis of conserved

and variable regions of VP2 gene of Indian isolates of bluetongue virus serotype 1.

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 43(3):272-276.

 

Desai, P. U. 2004. Sero-prevalence of bluetongue in cattle in two south Gujarat districts. Indian

Veterinary Journal 81(11): 1273.

 

De Liberato, C., Scavia, G., Lorenzetti, R., Scaramozzino, P., Amaddeo, D., Cardeti, G.,

Scicluna, M., Ferrari, G. and G.L. Autorino. 2005. Identification of Culicoides obsoletus

 (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) as a vector of bluetongue virus in central Italy. Veterinary

Record 156(10):301-304.

 

dos Santos, R.I.M. 2003. Oropouche virus: Mechanism of entry in hela I and C6/36 cells

Medicina (Ribeirao Preto) 36(1):112-113.

 

Ferrari, G., De Liberato, C., Scavia, G., Lorenzetti, R., Zini, M., Farina, F., Magliano, A., Cardeti, G., Scholl,

F., Guidoni, M., Scicluna, M.T., Amaddeo, D., Scaramozzino, P. and G.L. Autorino. 2005. Active

circulation of bluetongue vaccine virus serotype-2  Among unvaccinated cattle in central Italy. Preventive

Veterinary Medicine 68(2-4):103-113.

 

Giovannini, A., MacDiarmid, S., Calistri, P., Conte, A., Savini, L., Nannini, D. and S. Weber.

2004. The use of risk assessment to decide the control strategy for bluetongue in Italian

ruminant populations. Risk Analysis 24(6):1737-1753.

 

Hagihara, M. Yamaguchi, T., Kitahara, M., Hirai, K. and K. Murata. 2004. Leucocytozoon lovati infections in

wild rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) in Japan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(4):804-807.

 

Hugo, V. and A. Quintana. 2002. Complete nucleotide sequence and related studies to the genome

of the Bunyavirus Oropouche. Medicina (Ribeirao Preto) 35(4):540-541.

 

Ito, A., Gotanda, T., Kobayashi, S., Kume, K., Sugimoto, C. and T. Matsumura. 2005. Increase

of antibody titer against Leucocytozoon caulleryi by oral administration of recombinant R7

antigen. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 67(2):211-213.

 

Ito, A. and T. Gotanda. 2005. A rapid assay for detecting antibody against leucocytozoonosis in

chickens with a latex agglutination test using recombinant R7 antigen. Avian Pathology

34(1):15-9.

 

Koerber, R.T., Gasparich, G.E., Frana, M.F. and W.L. Grogan, Jr. 2005.  Spiroplasma

atrichopogonis sp nov., from a ceratopogonid biting midge. International Journal of

Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, Part 1: 289-292.

 

Lacetera, N. and B. Ronchi. 2004. Evaluation of antibody response and nonspecific lymphocyte

blastogenesis following inoculation of a live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccine in goats

American Journal of Veterinary Research 65(1):1331-1334.

 

Mullens, B.A., Owen, J.P., Heft, D.E. and R.V. Sobeck. 2005. Culicoides and other biting flies

on the Palos Verdes Peninsula of Southern California, and their possible relationship to

equine dermatitis. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 21(1):90-95.

 

Monteys, V.S.I., Ventura, D., Pages, N., Aranda, C. and R. Escosa. 2005. Expansion of

Culicoides imicola, the main bluetongue virus vector in Europe, into Catalonia, Spain.

Veterinary Record 156(13):415.

 

Murphy, M.D., Howerth, E.W., MacLachlan, N. J., and D.E. Stallknecht. 2005. Genetic variation

among epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in the southeastern United States: 1978-2001.

Infection Genetics and Evolution 5(2):157-165.

 

Naugle, D.E. and C. L., Aldridge, et al. 2004. West Nile virus: pending crisis for greater

sage-grouse. Ecology Letters 7 (8), 704-713. [See Larry Hribar’s note about this paper above-Ed.]

 

Paweska, J. T. and G.J. Venter. 2004. Vector competence of Culicoides species and the

seroprevalence of homologous neutralizing antibody in horses for six serotypes of equine

                encephalosis virus (EEV) in South Africa. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 18(4):398-407.

 

Peirce, M.A., Adlard, R.D. and R. Lederer. 2005. A new species of Leucocytozoon Berestneff, 1904 (Apicomplexa:

Leucocytozoidae) from the avian family Artamidae. Systematic Parasitology 60(2):151-154.

 

Purse, B.V., Mellor, P.S., Rogers, D.J., Samuel, A.R., Mertens, P.P.C. and M. Baylis. 2005. Climate change and

 the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3(2):171-181.

 

Sarto i Monteys, V., Ventura, D., Pages, N., Aranda, C. and R. Escosa. 2005. Expansion of

Culicoides imicola, the main bluetongue virus vector in Europe, into Catalonia, Spain.
Veterinary Record 156(13):415-417.

 

Shringi. S. and B.N. Shringi 2005.Comparative efficacy of standard AGID, CCIE and competitive

ELISA for detecting bluetongue virus antibodies in indigenous breeds of sheep and goats in

Rajasthan, Indian Journal of Veterinary Science 6(1):77-79.

 

Ting, L.J., Lee, M.S., Huang, I.S., Huang, C.C., Kuo, S.T., Lee, F., Jong, M.H., Shiau, J.R.

and S.Y. Lin. 2005. Identification of bluetongue virus in goats in Taiwan. Veterinary Record

156(2):52.

 

White, D.M., Wilson, W.C., Blair, C.D. and B.J. Beaty. 2005. Studies on overwintering of bluetongue

viruses in insects. Journal of General Virology 86, Part 2: 453-462.

 

Yanase, T., Kato, T., Kubo, T., Yoshida, K., Ohashi, S., Yamakawa, M., Miura, Y. and T. Tsuda.

2005. Isolation of bovine Arboviruses from Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

in southern Japan: 1985-2002. Journal of Medical Entomology. 42(1):63-67.

 

Yeruham, I., Perl, S. and Y. Braverman. 2004. Seasonal allergic dermatitis in sheep associated with

Ctenocephalides and Culicoides bites. Veterinary Dermatology 15(6): 377-380.