THE CERATOPOGONIDAE INFORMATION EXCHANGE
The CIE, issued twice a year (no subscription costs
but donations to help with photocopying/mailing costs are welcomed),
was
begun in 1968 as a newsletter to facilitate communication between
workers interested in Ceratopogonidae. The format is extremely
flexible. Contributions may be of any length and
deal with any subject having some bearing on the study of ceratopogonids. For
example,
contributors may report their current interests or plans, observations
or techniques of probable value to the readership, requests for
addresses, study material or reprints, or any other matter of concern. The newsletter serves also as a bulletin for
planning and communicating
information on meetings, symposia, workshops and so forth.
Finally, there is in every issue a compilation of recent
literature in the field.
Any
person(s) wishing to contribute to the newsletter or to receive future
issues via e-mail should contact :
Dr. C. Steven
Murphree e-mail: murphrees@mail.belmont.edu
Department of Biology Phone: 615-460-6221
Belmont
University Fax:
615-460-5458
1900
Belmont Boulevard
Nashville,
TN 37212-3757
U.S.A.
CIE Vol.
73 - May 2004 The Ceratopogonidae
Information Exchange Newsletter
Dear Ceratopogonid Colleagues,
I would like to again express my thanks to those researchers who have
submitted contributions for this issue of CIE. I have been
able to assist colleagues with
questions as well as direct others who have e-mailed me from the
website
to CIE subscribers for assistance.
Please
send citations or reprints of any papers that I have not cited in
recent
CIE newsletter issues.
With this May issue I
again state my need for your financial assistance. My out-of-pocket
costs for
postage in mailing the
December issue to subscribers without e-mail access
was $23.65 U.S.D. So, I
still
need to receive monetary contributions
of any amount to offset these
fees as well as the $816.00 that I paid for printing and mailing
previous
issues prior to
converting to e-mail distribution.
With kind regards,
Steve Murphree
Nashville,
Tennessee
U.S.A.
Announcements:
1. Biting
Fly Workshop 2004.
The 2004 Biting Fly Workshop (BFW) will be held 24-27 May, 2004 at Wakulla
Springs, Florida. Traditionally, the BFW has
been a meeting for entomologists working on Ceratopogonidae
and Tabanidae but those working on other Diptera have also
been welcome. In 2003, for example, BFW meet
with the North American Dipterist Society
(NADS). In 2004 the meeting
will be at Wakulla Springs, Florida.
Wakulla Springs is about 20 miles south of Florida’s
capital, Tallahassee
and east of
Highway 319. The BFW met there in 1980 when it
was a private springs hotel and preserve. Now, it is a state park with an
unusual lodge with 27 rooms. Participants should
plan on arriving 24 May and departing 27 May. Field
trips will range from
walks at Wakulla Springs to trips into the Apalachicola
National Forest just west of Wakulla Springs or to Bristol, FL and
the Apalachicola Bluffs Natural Area of the Nature Conservancy. Collecting permits will be applied for and contacts
have been
made for those. If you are planning on attending
this meeting, please contact:
Jim Cilek
J. A. Mulrennan Sr. Entomol.
Res. Lab.,
4000
Frankford Ave.,
Florida
A & M,
Panama
City, FL 32405-1933.
850-872-4184,
cilek_J@popmail.firn.edu
Participants must make their own reservations at the Wakulla Springs
Lodge: 1-850-224-5950 (Janet Hayes, Sales Mgr.;
mention “BFW-2004”). The rate is
$75 per day for the room. A dining room is
located at the Lodge. The Tallahassee
Regional Airport
serves the state capital area. For alternative
lodging please contact these hotels on Apalachee Parkway
(nearest location to Wakulla Springs; 45-60 minutes away) in Tallahassee:
Hampton Inn Tallahassee Central (1-2 persons
$69-99)
2979
Apalachee Parkway
Tallahassee,
FL 32301
tel: 850-309-1300
Homewood Suites by
Hilton ((1-2 persons $99-129)
2987
Apalachee Parkway
Tallahassee,
FL 32301
tel: 850-402-9400
LaQuinta
Inn Tallahassee South (1-2 persons $76-86)
2850
Apalachee Parkway
Tallahassee,
FL 32301
tel: 850-878-5099
Websites with
information about Wakulla Springs:
http://www.wakullacounty.com/wakulla-24.htm
http://www.wakullacounty.com/wakulla-5.htm
http://www.floridastateparks.org/wakullasprings/default.asp
http://www.abfla.com/parks/Wakulla/wakulla.html
2. Online Species List of
Ceratopogonidae of Michigan
An extensive species list of ceratopogonids known to occur in the state
of Michigan has been compiled by
Ethan Bright of the Museum of Zoology Insect Division and School of
Natural Resources and Environment
at the University of Michigan. This is one part of a much larger
project dealing with the Aquatic Insects of
Michigan. Here is the link:
http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/~ethanbr/aim/sp/Diptera/sp_dom_ceratopogonidae.html
New CIE Subscribers/Address Changes:
|
New Subscribers:
Barbara
Goetting
e-mail: GoettingB@epchc.org
Environmental Protection Commission
Of Hillsborough County
1410 N. 21st Street
Tampa, Fl. 33605
Glenn Bellis
e-mail:Glenn.Bellis@aqis.gov
phone: +61 8 8999 2345
fax: +61 8 8999 2312
Northern
Australia Quarantine Strategy
Berrimah Agricultural Research Station
Strath Rd Berrimah NT 0828
GPO Box 3000
Darwin NT 0801
Mr. Gediminas Liutkevicius
e-mail: gedvalk@ekoi.lt
Phone:+370 5 2729269
Fax: +370 5 2729257
Head of the Laboratory of Parasitology
Institute of Ecology, Vilnius University
Akademijos 2, Vilnius LT- 2600
LITHUANIA
Eva Veronesi
e-mail: eva.veronesi@bbsrc.ac.uk
Phone: +44 (0)1483 232441 Ext. 1158-1147
Fax: +44 (0)1483 232448
Institute for Animal Health, Arbovirology Group Department of Epidemiology
Pirbright Laboratory - Ash Road
Pirbright, Surrey - GU24 ONF (UK)
Dr. Franklin S. Blanton
e-mail: MarTisDC@AOL.com
4015 SW 21st Street
Gainesville, FL 32608 U.S.A.
|
Address Changes:
Dr. Art Borkent
691-8th Ave. SE,
Salmon Arm, British Columbia,
V1E 2C2, Canada
(phone, FAX and email remain the same)
Dr.
William L. Grogan
e-mail: wlgrogan@salisbury.edu
(new)
Mr. Mark Breidenbaugh
e-mail: mark.breidenbaugh@youngstown.af.mil
Phone: 330-609-1965
Fax: 330-609-1616
Youngstown Air Reserve Station
3976 King Graves Road Unit 26
Vienna, OH 44473-5926 USA
|
Query:
A request from Art Borkent: e-mail: aborkent@jetstream.net
Salmon Arm, British Columbia
Canada
HELP!
Has Anyone Had Any Experience with Live Leptoconops Larvae?
In my continuing study of the immatures of Ceratopogonidae, I would like to learn more about the larvae
and pupae of Leptoconops. While in Honduras and Costa Rica in February, I spent many hours on several
marine beaches, searching for larvae and pupae in what I thought was perfect habitat (based on Linley's fine
descriptions), while I was having my rear-end (literally), as well as other body parts, bitten by numerous female
adults. Aside from examining wet sand manually (by adding water and swirling the sand around), I also tried
to extract larvae by running a hose into a beaker of wet sand and catching the overflow with a fine net (another
technique described by Linley). No luck, other than two battered pupal exuviae. If any of you has had first
hand experience with Leptoconops larvae, I would be grateful to hear from you.
Contributions
from Ceratopogonid Scientists:
Dr. habil. Gediminas Valkiunas, Ph.D., D.Sc. e-mail: gedvalk@ekoi.lt
In recent years, my colleagues and I published 3 papers on Culicoides impunctatus as a vector of avian
species of Haemoproteus. For the first time, we showed that the parasites kill the insects. The abstracts are
below.
Perhaps this information may be of some interest to you.
With kind regards
Ged
Dr. habil. Gediminas Valkiunas, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Expert-member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
Head of the Laboratory of Parasitology
Institute of Ecology
Vilnius University
Akademijos 2,Vilnius - 21
LT - 08412 Lithuania
Tel. +370 5 2729269
Fax +370 5 2729257
E-mail: gedvalk@ekoi.lt
THE PUBLICATIONS:
Valkiunas G, Iezhova TA. 2004. The transmission of Haemoproteus belopolskyi (Haemosporida:
Haemoproteidae) of blackcap by Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).
J Parasitol. 90(1):196-8.
Haemoproteus belopolskyi of blackcap, Sylvia atricapilla, underwent sporogony in wild-caught
female biting midges, Culicoides impunctatus, which were experimentally infected by feeding them on
naturally infected birds. The engorged flies were held for 8-12 days to allow development of sporozoites
and then aspirated and triturated in 0.85% saline. Seven uninfected nestlings of blackcap at the age of
20-21 days were inoculated into the pectoral muscle with 0.3 ml of the slurry containing approximately
45 sporozoites. Parasitemia of H. belopolskyi developed in 6 nestlings, with a prepatent period of 11-12
days. The maximum parasitemia varied between 0.9 and 16% of erythrocytes in different experimental hosts.
Culicoides impunctatus is an experimental vector of H. belopolskyi. It is likely to be the important natural
vector of Haemoproteus spp. of passerine birds in Europe.
.
Valkiunas G, Iezhova TA. 2004. Detrimental effects of Haemoproteus infections on the survival of biting
midge Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J Parasitol. 2004 Feb;90(1):194-6
The effects of Haemoproteus belopolskyi, Haemoproteus fringillae, and Haemoproteus lanii on the
survival of their vector the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus were examined. Wild-caught females were
infected experimentally by allowing them to feed on naturally infected birds. A group of flies, which fed on an
uninfected bird, was used as a control. There was a highly significant difference in the survival rate between
the non-infected group and all groups of infected flies for post-feeding (PF) periods 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and 7-8
days. For days 7-8, the percentage of noninfected surviving flies was 4.4 times higher than the percentage of
infected surviving flies, testifying to the detrimental effects of avian Haemoproteus infections on the longevity of
C. impunctatus. The mortality rates of the infected flies were highest for days 1-2 and 3-4 PF, indicating
possible negative effects of ookinetes and early oocysts on the vector.
Valkiunas G, Liutkevicius G & Iezhova TA.2002. Complete development of three species of Haemoproteus
(Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) in the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae).
J. Parasitol. 88(5):864-868.
Development of Haemoproteus balmorali, H. dolniki, and H. tartakovskyi was followed in experimentally
infected biting midges Culicoides impunctatus on the Curonian Spit in the Baltic Sea. Wild-caught flies were
allowed to take blood meals on naturally infected spotted flycatchers Muscicapa striata, chaffinches Fringilla coelebs,
or crossbills Loxia curvirostra harboring mature gametocytes of these parasites. The engorged biting midges were
collected, held at 14-18 C, and dissected daily. Mature ookinetes of H. balmorali, H. dolniki, and H. tartakovskyi
were numerous in the midgut contents 36 hr postinfection (PI). Oocysts were first seen in the midgut wall 3 days PI.
They were numerous in the midgut on the fourth day PI. Sporozoites were seen in salivary glands 5 days PI. The
percentage of experimentally infected biting midges with sporozoites of H. balmorali was 36.1%: 8.8% with H. dolniki
and 31.2% with H. tartakovskyi. Culicoides impunctatus is likely to be an important vector of Haemoproteus spp.
in Europe. All investigated species of parasites can be distinguished on the basis of morphology or size (or both) of
their vector stages. Morphological features of the ookinetes, oocysts, and sporozoites should be given more prominence
in the description of new species of hemoproteids.
Art Borkent e-mail: aborkent@jetstream.net
Salmon Arm, British Columbia
Canada
Dear colleagues, friends and family,
A brief note to let everyone know that we are at a new address, as follows. Our phone, FAX and email all remain
the same. For colleagues with databases, please change Art’s address in those as well.
Best wishes, Art and Annette Borkent
691-8th Ave. SE,
Salmon Arm, British Columbia,
V1E 2C2, Canada.
Bill Grogan e-mail: wlgrogan@salisbury.edu
Salisbury, Maryland
In collaboration with Art Borkent and Gustavo Spinelli, we are continuing to make slow, steady progress on
defining and characterizing the biting midge fauna of Costa Rica and Central America. In preparation is a
description of a unusual, previously undescribed species of predaceous midge from Costa Rica of the genus
Parabezzia with a costa that does not extend to its wing tip. Therefore, it will require us to slightly modify the
generic diagnosis of Parabezzia. From this same region, we have also discovered several undescribed species
in the predaceous genus Brachypogon that we plan on addressing in the coming months.
Art Borkent and I have learned that our Nearctic Catalog of Ceratopogonidae is slated for publication soon in
MYIA. Another paper in press in the Western North American Naturalist (formerly the Great Basin Naturalist)
by Grogan, Spinelli, Bob Phillips and Dave Woodward deals with a description and illustrations of the previously
undescribed male of Culicoides reevesi Wirth as well as a redescription of females of this species, seasonal
activity and biting records and a new state record.
Finally, a personal milestone for me as my 100th publication just came out in Zootaxa with Will Reeves &
Peter Adler at Clemson University and Paul Super at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park entitled:
Hematophagous and parasitic Diptera (Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Zootaxa
183:1-44.
I believe that at least the abstract is available online at the Zootaxa website (www.mapress.com/zootaxa/).
In addition to species belonging to nine other families of Diptera, we report on 17 differerent species of Culicoides
taken within the Park by light and/or baited traps or directly from vertebrate hosts while biting.
____________________________________________________________________________
Anna-Eleftheria
Porichi e-mail: e_porichi@hotmail.com
Athens, Greece
As a new member of the CIE, I would like to inform you of my current
ceratopogonid studies. I am currently undertaking
my Ph.D. in the Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology & Entomology,
Agricultural University of Athens, Greece. My project
supervisors are Prof. Nicolas Emmanouil and Prof. Constantinos
Bouchelos (Agricultural University
of Athens), and Dr
Yvonne-Marie Linton (The Natural History Museum, London) and the
overall objective is to characterize the indigenous
species
of Ceratopogonidae in Greece, with particular attention on Culicoides
midges. My Ph.D. incorporates an integrated
systematics approach,
including morphological, molecular ecological and bionomics data for
the species around Athens
(Attiki Prefecture, mainland Greece). A major goal is to assess the
presence of vectors of Culicoides-borne diseases including
African Horse Sickness and Bluetongue, as well as those species that
cause nuisance to people or domestic animals. My work
is centred on the collection of baseline data (i.e. species lists
and distributions) in the region. Last year I collected Ceratopogonids
across Attiki Region in
order to gain insights into the diversity and distribution of the
species
present, and this year I have started
sampling for estimating seasonal distribution of Culicoides midges.
Last December, I spent one month at The Natural History Museum, London
working with Dr. Yvonne-Marie Linton, supported
by the EU SYS-Resource programme. Fortunately the same programme also
sponsored a simultaneous visit for Mr Rudy Meiswinkel
(IZS, Teramo, Italy) and I was able to spend time learning classical Culicoides
morphology with him, as well as carrying out some
molecular studies with Dr Linton. This visit resulted in the
preparation of the following manuscript “Characterization of potential
orbivirus vectors in the vicinity of the equestrian events at the 2004
Olympic games in Athens, Greece”, which we hope to submit
in the near future.
Anna-Eleftheria Porichi,
Agricultural University of Athens,
Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology & Entomology,
75 Iera Odos str., 118 55, Votanikos, Athens, Greece.
Email: e_porichi@hotmail.com
Recent Literature:
Taxonomy and Morphology
Felippe-Bauer, M. L., Caceres, A.G., Silva, C.S., Valderrama-Bazan, W.
and A. Gonzales-Perez 2003.
Two new Culicoides of the paraensis species group
(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Amazonian region
of Peru. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98(8): 1051-1058.
Meiswinkel,
R. & Y.-M. Linton 2003. Afrotropical Culicoides Latreille
(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae):
morphological and molecular description of a novel fruit-inhabiting
member of the Imicola Complex, with
re-description of its sister species C. (Avaritia) pseudopallidipennis
Clastrier. Cimbebasia 19: 37-79.
(the new species' naee is C. tuttifrutti Meiswinkel, Cornet & Dyce;
what a great specific epithet for this
species! -ed)
Reeves,
W.K., Adler, P.H., Grogan, W.L. & P.E. Super. 2004.
Hematophagous and Parasitic Diptera
(Insecta) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Zootaxa 483:
1-44.
Ronderos,
M., Spinelli, G., Huerta, H. and F. Diaz 2003. Immature stages of
two neotropical species of Dasyhelea
Kieffer, 1911 (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Transactions of the
American Entomological Society (Philadelphia)
129(2): 295-308.
Szadziewski, R. and A. Borkent. 2003. New synonyms, combinations and records of biting midges (Diptera:
Ceratopogonidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 72:249-260.
Spinelli, G.R. and A. Borkent. 2004. New Species of Central American Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:
Ceratopogondae) with a Synopsis of Species from Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society
of Washington 106:361-395.
Szadziewski, R. & J. Knoz 2002. New synonyms of European biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).
Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 52(2): 249-251.
Yu Y.-x. 2003. First record of Sinhalohelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in China with description of a
new species. Entomotaxonomia 25(3): 201-203.
Ecology and Methodology
Braverman, Y., Rechtman, S., Frish, A. & R. Braverman 2003.
Dynamics of biting activity of C. imicola
Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) during the year. Israel
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 58(2-3): 46-56.
de Villalobos, C., & M. Ronderos 2003. Dasyhelea
necrophila Spinelli et Rodriguez, 1999 (Diptera,
Ceratopogonidae) a new potential paratenic host of
Paragordius varius (Leidy, 1851) (Gordiida,
Nematomorpha). Acta Parasitologica 48(3):
218-221. (through experimental infections it was proved that
Dasyhelea necrophila larvae can be considered
as potential paratenic hosts of Paragordius varius
(Nematomorpha) larvae -ed)
Hribar, L.J. 2004. Container Critters. Wing Beats
15(1): 12-13.
(trade magazine of the American Mosquito
Control Association, published by the Florida MCA;
describes the larvae of Dasyhelea pseudoincisurata Waugh and
Wirth as a common inhabitant of artificial
containers - ed).
Mercer,
D.R., Spinelli,
G.R., Watts, D.M. & R.B. Tesh 2003. Biting rates and
developmental substrates for
biting midges (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) in
Iquitos, Peru. Journal of Medical Entomology 40(6):807-812.
Nolen, J.A., Bedoukian, R.H., Maloney, R.E. & D.L. Kline
2003. Method and compositions for inhibiting the
scent tracking ability of biting midges. Patent
Number: US 6660775; AE BioSensory, Inc., Willimantic, CT,
USA; Bedoukian Research, Inc., Danbury, CT, USA; The
United States of America as represented by the
Secretary of Agriculture. Official Gazette of
the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1277(2).
Werner D. &
A.C. Pont 2003. Dipteran predators of Simuliid blackflies: a
worldwide
review. Medical Veterinary
Entomology 17(2):115-32. (Review).
Bluetongue Virus and Other
Pathogens
Althaus, H., Muller N., Busato A., Mellor P.S., Torsteinsdottir S. & E. Marti 2004. Cloning and
sequencing of a cDNA expressing a ribosomal P0 peptide from Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera).
Veterinary Immunology & Immunopathology 99(1-2):99-111. (in process)
Aquino, V.H. & L.T. M. Figueiredo 2004. Linear amplification followed by single primer polymerase chain
reaction to amplify unknown DNA fragments: Complete nucleotide sequence of Oropouche virus M RNA
segment. Journal of Virological Methods 115(1): 51-57.
Bose, M., Dasgupta, S. K., Mazumdar, A. and P.K. Chaudhuri 2003. Biting midges of the genus
Atrichopogon Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from India. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 146(2):
259-296.
Breard, E., Sailleau, C., Coupier, H., Mure-Ravaud, K., Hammoumi, S., Gicquel, B., Hamblin, C.,
Dubourget, P. and S. Zientara 2003. Comparison of genome segments 2, 7 and 10 of bluetongue viruses
serotype 2 for differentiation between field isolates and the vaccine strain. Veterinary Research (Les Ulis)
34(6): 777-789.
Boyce, M, Wehrfritz, J., Noad, R. & P. Roy 2004. Purified recombinant bluetongue virus VP1 exhibits
RNA replicase activity. Journal of Virology 78(8):3994-4002.
Butan, C. & P. Tucker. 2004 (Abstract) Structure and assembly of an RNA binding domain of Bluetongue
virus non-structural protein 2 (NS2). Biophysical Journal 86(1): Part 2 Suppl. S: 491A-492A.
De Liberato, C., Purse, B. V., Goffredo, M., Scholl, F. & P. Scaramozzino 2003. Geographical and seasonal
distribution of the bluetongue virus vector, Culicoides imicola, in central Italy. Medical and Veterinary Entomology
17(4):388-394.
Forzan, M., Wirblich, C. and P. Roy 2004. A capsid protein of nonenveloped Bluetongue virus exhibits membrane
fusion activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(7): 2100-2105.
Hu Y.-L. & G.-Q. Li 2003. Sequencing and analysis of ITS2 rDNA sequences of the midge (Culicoides
arakawae). Acta Zoologica Sinica 49(2): 277-280.
Irwin, P.J & R. Jefferies 2004. Arthropod-transmitted diseases of companion animals in Southeast Asia.
Trends in Parasitology 20(1): 27-34.
Kyelem, D., Sanou, S., Boatin, B., Medlock, J., Coulibaly, S. & D.H. Molyneux 2003. Impact of long-term
ivermectin (Mectizan(R)) on Wuchereria bancrofti and Mansonella perstans infections in Burkina Faso: Strategic
and policy implications. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 97(8): 827-838.
Mecham, J.O. & W.C. Wilson 2004. Antigen capture competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using
baculovirus-expressed antigens for diagnosis of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42(2):518-523.
Meenambigai, T. V., Prabhakar, T. G., Koteeswaran, A. & N. D. J.Chandran 2003. Simple procedure for
preparation of bluetongue virus antigen for agar gel immuno diffusion. Indian Veterinary Journal 80(1):1091-1093.
Mertens, P.P.C. & J. Diprose 2004. The bluetongue virus core: a nano-scale transcription machine. Virus
Research 101(1):29-43.
Mortola, E., Noad, R. and P. Roy 2004. Bluetongue virus outer capsid proteins are sufficient to trigger
apoptosis in mammalian cells. Journal of Virology 78(6):2875-2883.
Pritchard, L.I., Sendow, I., Lunt, R., Hassan, S.H., Kattenbelt, J., Gould, A.R., Daniels, P.W. & B.T. Eaton
2004. Genetic diversity of bluetongue viruses in south east Asia. Virus Research 101(2):193-201.
Roy, P., Brown, F. & J.A. Roth 2003. Nature and duration of protective immunity to bluetongue virus infection.
Vaccines for OIE list A and emerging animal diseases; Developments in Biologicals 114:169-183.
Somavarapu, S., Hamblin, C., Graham, S., Hawes, P., Mellor, P. & H.O. Alpar 2003. Encapsulation of purified
bluetongue virus 1(BTV-1) particles into chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 55
(Supplement): S.72-S.73.
Somavarapu, S., Hamblin, C., Mertens, P. P. C. & H.O. Alpar 2003. Enhanced immune response to purified
bluetongue virus (BTV-1) particles in guinea-pig model with chitosan-aluminium phosphate adjuvant. Journal of
Pharmacy and Pharmacology 55(Supplement): S.72.
Valkiunas G and T.A. Iezhova 2004. The transmission of Haemoproteus belopolskyi (Haemosporida:
Haemoproteidae) of blackcap by Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).
J Parasitol. 90(1):196-198.
Valkiunas G, and T.A. Iezhova 2004. Detrimental effects of Haemoproteus infections on the survival of biting
midge Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J Parasitol. 2004 Feb;90(1):194-196.
Lu, L.-L., Dong, C.-Y., Guo, S.-F., Luo, Q., Xiao, A.-T. & P. Gao
2004. Purification of dsRNA
bluetongue virus
HbC with a new immunoprecipitation method. Acta Biochimica et
Biophysica
Sinica
36(2): 160-161.
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